Community Policing – Test 1 Study Notes PDF

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Exam 1 Study Notes
Includes: In class content and textbook content on history of traditional policing vs. community policing ...

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Community Policing – Test 1 Study Notes Multiple Choice Questions & Answers 1. Who was sir Robert Peel? a. The first Commissioner of the North-West Mounted Police. b. The Chief Constable of the first municipal police force established in Canada. c. The chief of the first organized police force in London, England. d. The first provincial police commissioner in Canada. 2. According to the historical record, where and when were the first police constables in Canada appointed? a. Quebec City in the early 1600s. b. Halifax in the early 1700s. c. Upper Canada in the early 1700s. d. The current province of British Columbia in the 1800s. 3. Early Canadians were hesitant to create police forces that had authority and power over the population. What was the result? a. Police services were developed in a uniform manner with minimal duties. b. Strong support existed for the development of localized municipal police forces. c. Law enforcement functions were performed informally by community residents. d. The NWMP was created as a national police force to facilitate peaceful settlement. 4. In 1829 a full-time, unarmed police force of 1000 men was established in London. What were these new officers popularly known as? a. Cops or coppers. b. Officers or NCOs. c. Bobbies or peelers. d. Detectives or investigators. 5. In the history of policing in France, how were the police considered in general? a. As supportive and respectful of human rights. b. As spies for the kings. c. As focused on citizen safety. d. As politically neutral. 6. Which police force was the model for the RCMP (originally known as the North-West Mounted Police)? a. Victoria Police Department b. Royal Irish Constabulary c. London Metropolitan Police d. New York City Police Department

7. Why did the Alberta government dissolve the Alberta Provincial Police? a. A lack of suitable applicants in the province. b. Corruption and scandals within the police department. c. The economics of the Depression. d. A political desire for a national police force. 8. Which term describes the period from the early 1900s through to roughly 1970? a. The professional era of policing.

b. The modern era of policing. c. The era of reform and restoration. d. The era of technological change. 9. Historically, the neighbourhood beat acted as the “office” of the police officer. Which of the following is considered the police office’s office today? a. The community police station. b. Department headquarters. c. Local coffee shops and youth centres. d. The patrol car. 10. Which group made up the earliest police force in British Columbia, created in 1858? a. Individuals from the logging community. b. French Canadians from Quebec. c. Black immigrants from California. d. Former police personnel from Ontario. 11. Unlike the British model of policing that Peel had established, American officers were: a. Provided with firearms, a badge, and accommodation. b. Provided with greater individual discretion and influenced by politics. c. Provided with stricter guidelines regarding community engagement. d. Provided with greater freedom to engage in outside employment. 12. The term “policing by consent” refers to the concept that: a. Individuals have a level of control when responding to a police request. b. Police powers have the common consent of the elected government, rather than the imposed powers of the monarchy. c. Police powers have the common consent of the public, rather than the imposed powers of the state. d. Individuals and the Charter of Rights serve to direct and influence the powers of the police.

1. At which level of policing do most Canadian officers work? a) Municipal police services b) Provincial police services c) Federal police services d) Police support services, such as information systems 2. Which statement describes Aboriginal police services and their officers? a) They operate exclusively under the supervision of the RCMP. b) They do not have the same authority and power as municipal police, provincial police and, and RCMP. c) They are autonomous and have full power and authority to enforce all laws, including the Criminal Code, on reserve lands. d) They are responsible and accountable to the National Aboriginal Police Commission. 3. What is set out in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms? a) The responsibilities of the federal and provincial governments in the area of criminal justice. b) The criminal laws and procedures for the administration of justice. c) The jurisdiction of the Criminal Code and the Bill of Rights. d) Basic rights and freedoms for citizens.

4. Which trend in indicated by statistics on Canadian crime? a) There is an upward trend in reported crime. b) There has been a decline in reported crime. c) The rates of violent crime have shown an upward trend. d) Property crimes have increased. 5. Why did the government create the Constitution Act, 1982? a) To establish the responsibilities of the federal and provincial governments in the area of criminal justice. b) To establish the civil laws of Canada. c) To establish the criminal laws of Canada. d) To establish legislation that applies only to the RCMP and other federal agencies. 6. What do statistics on visible minorities indicate? a) Most new arrivals in Canada settle in rural rather than in urban areas. b) Visible minorities, as a percentage of the population, have been declining. c) Immigrants to Canada tend to settle in urban areas. d) Most visible minorities live in the province of Quebec. 7. Which statement is characteristic of private security officers in Canada? a) They outnumber public police officers. b) They are permitted to wear side arms. c) They have no powers of arrest or detention. d) They operate under the supervision of public police services. 8. Which of the following describes community-based strategic policing? a) An evolving model of policing in Canada. b) The community’s response to taking over its own policing needs. c) A new policing imitative run by the federal government. d) The current model of policing. 9. In Ontario, what was the Integrated Justice System Initiative designed to do? a) Prosecute individuals who have committed crimes throughout the province. b) Coordinate drug trafficking offences and other serious crimes. c) Facilitate a seamless flow of information among justice agencies. d) Provide direction to police services in the area of charge approval. 10. Which statement best defines the “growing crisis in human resources”? a) The inability of police to attract women and visible minorities to policing. b) The requirements for police agencies to establish summer police camps and cadet programs. c) The trend for new police officers to select specialty sections over general duty patrol. d) The need for recruitment and retention of police officers. 11. The SIU in Ontario is perhaps the best example in Canada of which of the following concepts? a) How policing has changed since 11 September 2001. b) External civilian review of police activities. c) A specialized policing unit. d) The contemporary role of policing. 12. What is a defining characteristic of professional standards unit within police agencies? a) They ensure adequate dress and deportment levels. b) They provide direction to the community on levels of police response.

c) They investigate alleged misconduct on the part of officers. d) They ensure that police applicants can meet recruit entry expectations.

1. In policing, what are “the three R’s”? a) Random patrol, rapid response, and reactive investigation b) Random patrol, reconnaissance, and review of investigation c) Rapid response, rescue, and reworking investigation d) Random patrol, reactive call delivery, and response investigation 2. Which of the following best defines clearance rate? a) A measure of police effectiveness in a community policing model. b) A measure of police effectiveness no longer used by police services. c) The percentage of cases where an offence has been committed and a suspect identified. d) The percentage of cases where an offence has been committed and a suspect convicted. 3. Which of the following has been indicated in studies of police services? a) Most police services have implemented community policing. b) Although provincial police forces have adopted community policing, municipal police services still rely on traditional police practice. c) The majority of police officers in Canada still carry out their duties within a traditional model of police practice. d) The RCMP has achieved the highest level of community policing implementation due to their federal role. 4. What has been revealed by research studies on traditional patrol practice? a) Increasing random patrols has a significant impact on the levels of crime. b) The response time of the police is not related to the levels of crime. c) The number of arrests made by the police reduces the levels of crime. d) The number of female police officers in an agency reduces the levels of crime. 5. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the traditional model of police work? a) Patrol officers working in the same shift rotation. b) An emphasis on centralized command and control. c) Partnerships with the community. d) A highly centralized, hierarchical organizational structure. 6. How is community based policing best described? a) As a series of crime prevention programs. b) As an approach to policing based on prevention, problem-solving, and partnership c) As a series of traditional police practices that have been renamed. d) As an approach to policing largely abandoned by Canadian police services. 7. In community policing, what are “the three P’s”? a) Protection, privacy, perfection b) Prevention, problem-solving and partnership c) Police, pistols, and pretence d) Politics, perseverance, and protection 8. Which of the following does not define community policing? a) It incorporates many elements of traditional policing. b) It is a strategy that involves partnering with the community.

c) It is an appropriate policing strategy for all types of criminal activity. d) It is the responsibility of the police and community. 9. What was found in research studies that assessed the impact of community policing? a) People tend to dislike community policing as it is time consuming. b) With a few exceptions, community policing reduces the levels of crime. c) Officers involved in community policing tend to have higher levels of job satisfaction. d) Community policing reduces the fear of crime among residents. 10. Which provincial legislation establishes the framework for police agencies in Ontario? a) Police Services Act b) Criminal Code c) Criminal Apprehension Act d) Police Enforcement Act 11. In which decade did the move towards community policing in Ontario begin? a) 1960s b) 1970s c) 1980s d) 1990s 12. In the 1970s a task force examined policing and technology in Ontario. What did its report find? a) The increasing use of technology was facilitating the implementation of community policing. b) There was a need for more up-to-date technology for police services. c) Technology was widening the gap between the police and the public. d) Most police services made very little use of technology. 13. What provided the impetus for the move towards community policing in Ontario? a) Increasing concerns about the effectiveness of traditional police practice. b) Increasing demands by community residents that the police change. c) Increasing concerns by the government to hold the police more accountable. d) Increasing demands by civil libertarians for the community to shape the police services that are provided. 14. Ontario’s Police Services Act contains sections relating to which one of the following? a) A declaration of principles for public partnerships. b) The role of provincial police service boards. c) The duties of community policing practitioners. d) The Ontario Civilian Commission on Police Services. 15. In 2003, which body replaced the Solicitor General of Canada? a) Department of Justice b) Director of Homeland Security c) Public Safety Canada d) Prime Minister’s Office 16. What are the organizational characteristics of the traditional police organization? a) Flexible working conditions b) Private sector managerialism c) Decentralized operations d) Centralized command and control

17. Which performance measure is not a contemporary performance measure? a) Quality of police work b) Number of arrests c) Quality of victim’s experiences with police d) Number of community partnerships 18. Which police service in Canada was the first to receive the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA) designation? a) Peel Regional Police b) Edmonton Police Service c) Vancouver Police Department d) Toronto Police Service

1. Which of the following relies on police patrols for the apprehension, deterrence, and incapacitation of criminal offenders? a) Proactive targeting strategy b) Community service approach c) Crime prevention d) Team policing 2. Which kind of calls are hold-up alarms, shootings, stabbings, auto thefts, and assaults are examples of? a) Community-initiated crime calls b) Hard crime calls c) Soft crime calls d) Victim-precipitated crime calls 3. What is suggested by research studies on crime attack strategies? a) The number of police officers does not significantly reduce the levels of crime. b) Proactive police arrests, focusing on high-risk persons and offences, may reduce levels of serious violent crime. c) Random police patrols may reduce levels of crime. d) Nonviolent crimes continue to increase but a modest level. 4. Foot patrols, bicycle patrols, team policing, and community police stations and storefronts are examples of which of the following categories? a) Crime prevention programs b) Proactive targeting strategies c) Community service approaches d) Crime prevention strategies that do not work 5. According to research studies, which of the following is a result of foot patrols? a) Decreased fear of crime among citizens b) Increased calls for service c) Increased reports of patrol officer misconduct d) Decreased job satisfaction for patrol officers due to fatigue 6. What type of crime prevention programs identify opportunities for criminal offences and alter these conditions in order to reduce the likelihood of crimes being committed? a) Tertiary crime prevention programs b) Secondary crime prevention programs c) Primary crime prevention programs

d) Ancillary crime prevention programs 7. What is intended purpose of door-to-door visits by police officers and police-community meetings? a) Increasing police information and intelligence b) Increasing community awareness of police programs c) Increasing crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) d) Increase police legitimacy 8. One approach to crime prevention attempts to alleviate the conditions that contribute to crime, such as poverty, poor housing, unemployment, and lack of educational opportunities. What is this approach called? a) Crime prevention through opportunity b) Tertiary crime prevention c) The broken windows approach d) Crime prevention through social development 9. In one type of displacement, offenders develop different strategies to commit crimes. What does this refer to? a) Tertiary crime displacement b) Temporal crime displacement c) Target crime displacement d) Tactical crime displacement 10. Which of the following statements has been suggested by research studies? a) Operation Identification significantly reduces the levels of property crime. b) Neighbourhood Watch is an effective approach to crime prevention. c) Citizen patrols may reduce property crimes and citizens’ fear of crime. d) Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) is generally ineffective in reducing property crimes. Chapter 1

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Frankpledge System – This system was based on the principle of the mutual responsibility of each man to his neighbours. Under the frankpledge system, all free between the ages of 15 and 60 were required to enrol in groupings of 10 families, called tithings. Hue and Cry – when every able-bodied man has the responsibility to assist in the pursuit and apprehension of law violators Justice of the Peace Act (1361) – centralized peacekeeping duties under justices of the peace, who were appointed directly by the king and who were superior in power and authority to the constables. Legitimacy of the police – The general belief that police should be permitted to exercise their authority to manage conflicts, maintain social order, and solve problems within the community. Metropolitan Police Act (1829) – when enacted, a full-time police force of 1000 men was established in London. Peel’s new officers were called “bobbies or peelers” Policing by consent – Police powers have the common consent of the Canadian public, rather than being imposed by the State. Professional era of policing – efforts were made to increase the control and efficiency of the police in North America (technological advancements – expansion of telephones, increased number of patrol cars and the introduction of two-way radios). Sir Robert Peel – (Britain’s home secretary) – set out to establish a full-time police force Statute of Winchester (1285) – sought to rationalize and redefine the police system that had been gradually developed over preceding centuries Prior to the creation of formal police services, communities policed themselves.

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There was opposition to the creation of formal police services. The development of full-time police forces, operating under the authority of the state and enforcing sets of codified laws, is a relatively recent phenomenon. The foundation of modern policing are the principles set forth by Sir Robert Peel in England in the early 1800’s. The role of the police in Canadian history differs from that of the United States, where police were often brought in to re-establish order. Before confederation in 1867, each region of the country had its own policing arrangements, depending on the size of the settlements, the characteristics of the population, and the specific needs of the communities. The mandate of early municipal police forces covered three main tasks: (1) policing conflicts between labourers and business owners, (2) maintaining moral standards by enforcing laws against drunkenness, prostitution, and gambling, and (3) apprehending criminals. The provincial forces created in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba experienced a number of difficulties. By the 1920s these provincial forces have been replaced by the RCMP. In BC, the provincial police were placed by the RCMP in 1950. The RCMP, originally known as North-West Mounted Police, was created in 1873 primarily to maintain law and order and ensure the orderly settlement of the previously unpoliced and sparsely settled northwest territory. The early 1900s to 1970 was the “professional era of policing,” during which efforts were made to increase the control and efficiency of the police. Women have always been involved in policing, but it was not until 1974 that they began serving as front-line operational officers in Canada. History plays a role in how communities see themselves and how they interact with the police. Chapter 2

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Adequacy and Effectiveness of Police Services Regulation – Key piece of legislation that provides the framework for police services in the province of Ontario: was designed to establish uniform service standards for police services across the province. Sets out standards of regulation for police in 7 areas. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms – Contains specific sections on fundamental freedoms, legal rights, equality rights and enforcement. Community-Based strategic policing – The primary framework for the delivery of police services, and considerable pressures require police service to be delivered more strategically. Constitution Act, 1982 – Sets out responsibilities of the federal and provincial governments in the area of criminal justice. Governance – The function is intended to provide strategic oversight; by contrast, day-to-day operational decision-making falls under the jurisdiction of ...