Comparison Tables Exam 3 Final PDF

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Summary

Comparison table of polysaccharides and vitamins....

Description

HomoPolysaccharide comparison Name

Amylose

Amylopectin

Glycogen

Dextran

Cellulose

Chitin

Alginates

Location

Plants

Plants

Animals

Yeast/Bacteria

Plants

Insects

Algae

Homo/Hetero

Homo

Homo

Homo

Homo

Homo

Homo

Homo

Linkage

a-[1,4]

A-[1,4] A-[1,6] (12-13) residues apart

A-[1,4] A-[1,6] (8-12) residues apart

A-[1,6] branching 2,3,4 or for depending on species

b[1,4]

B[1-4]

B-[1,4] A[1,4]

Subunits

Glucose polymer

Glucose polymer

Glucose polymer

Glucose polymer

Glucose polymer

Nacetylglucosam ine polymer

B-[1,4] Mannuronate and A[1,4] glucuronate

Function

storage[starch]

storage[starch]

storage

storage

structure

Structure

structure

Metabolism

Aamylase(glucos e) and Bamylase(maltos e) debranching(gl ucosidase

Aamylase(glucos e) and Bamylase(maltos e) debranching(gl ucosidase

Aamylase(glucos e) and Bamylase(maltos e) Glycogen phosphorylase

cellulase(anima ls cannot digest)

Misc.

helical

Micelle

MICELLE

Straight chain Stacking via inter,intra,inters heet H-bonding Parallel chains Extended sheet ribbon

Parallel(a) antiparallel(b) and extended(gam ma) Extended sheet ribbon

Heteropolysaccharides Name

Agarose[Agar]

Glycosaminoglycans

Proteoglycans

Peptidoglycans

Glycoproteins

Location

Red Algae

Intra/extra cellular

Connective tissue

Bacterial cell wall

Cell surface membrane blood groups A,B,O specificity

Homo/Hetero

Hetero

Hetero

Hetero

Hetero

Hetero

Subunits

D-galactose 3,6 anhydro-Lgalactose

Repeating disaccharides -one unit amino sugar and one or both contain negative carboxyl or sulfonate group

[Glycosaminoglycans + protein] Linera chains are Oser-linked clycosaminoglycans

Crosslinked B[1,4] linked Nacetylglucosamine(N aG and NaM+t-pep) and N-acetylmuramic acid + tetrapeptides [L-Ala,D-Glu,L-Lys,DAla]

Covalent linked oligosaccharide and polysaccharide groups O-link Ser or N-link Asn

-Heparin-natural anticoagulant -hyaluronate-eye and joint lubricant Chondroitins Keratan sulfonateconnective tissue Dermatan sulfate-skin

Growth factors Heavily glycosolated proteins in connective tissue Chontroitan sulfate Heparan sulfate

Gram + Thick approx 25 nm, multiple layers of peptidoglycan Surrounds plasma membrane Gram Thin approx 2-3 nm, single layers of peptidoglycan

Structure, outside cell surface, thought to protect proteins from enzymes, present unique face of cell, affect molecule lifetime

Function/examples

Misc.

Knee joinsglycosamino glycans noncovalently bound to a proteoglycan glycosamino glycans are hydrated because of their negative charge, absorbs water and gives

50-60% carbohydrate content

lubrication

Vitamin

Coenzyme Form

Function

Deficiency

B1 Thiamine

Thiamine Pyrophosphate

Decarboxylation of aketoacids and hydroxyketones

BeriBeri

B2 Riboflavin

FAD

1 and 2 e- transfers, multiple redox states

None

B3 Niacin

NAD+ and NADP

Deamination, Hydride Shifts and Redox rxn

Pellagra

B5 Pantothenic Acid

Coenzyme A

Activation of acyl groups for transfer by nucleophilic attack and activation of acyl group hydrogen for abstraction as a proton

None

B6 Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal

Pyridoxal 5 phosphate

Electron sink by formation of schiff base, most diverse class - Transamination, a,b decarboxylation, b, y elimination, racemization, aldol condensation - Forms stable shiff base with r group of lysine

None

B7 Biotin

Biotin Lysine complex

Mobile carboxyl carrier. Covalent linkage through lysine

Deficiency caused by eating too many raw egg whites

B9 Folic Acid

THF

Accept and donate 1 carbon units

None

B12 Cobalamin

Deoxyadenosylcobalamin or Methylcobalamin

Intramolecular rearrangement Reduction of NTP’s to dNTP’s, methyl transfer

Pernicious anemia

C Ascorbic Acid

Not modified

Reducing agent, electron carrier (necessary for postranslational modification of proline in tropocollagen

Scurvy

Vitamin A Retinol, Retinal and Retinoic Acid

Esters derived from isoprene units

Trans retinol is oxidized by retinol dehydrogenase

None

Vitamin D D2, D3

Formed by sunlight acting on 7-hydro-cholesterol

Regulates calcium and phosphorous

Rickets

Vitamin E Tocopherol

None

Potent antioxisant

None

Vitamin K Menaquinone

None

Carboxylation of glutamic acid involved in blood clotting

Nono...