Conventions for Diacritic Marks PDF

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Professor McNamara (Unit 2)...

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Conventions for Diacritic Marks  o o o o o o

Conventions for Diacritic Marks Upper left of symbol- onglide symbols Over the symbol- stress/ nasal/ lip symbols Under the symbol- tongue/ voice symbols Upper right of symbol- offglide/stop release symbols Directly right of symbol- timing symbols Right of timing symbols- juncture

Syllabic Symbol  Syllabic symbol [ h ɪ d n ] o A small number of consonants can serve a syllabic function, meaning that they can act as the nucleus of a syllable. o The consonants most likely to do so are the nasals /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/, the lateral /l/. Note that a syllabic rhotic would be / ɚ/. o A syllabic consonant is indicated with a small vertical tic mark placed under the main symbol.  Syllabic consonants are most likely to occur when the consonant is homorganic (similar in place of articulation) with the final consonant in the second, unstressed syllable.  /tn/, /dn/ /tl/, /dl/, /pm /, and /bm / Onglide and Offglide symbols 

Onglide symbols represent a brief or fragmentary sound that precedes the main symbol in a transcription

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Example: If a very brief [ ə] is heard at the onset of a fricative [s], then the transcription would be [əs].

An offglide symbol is used to indicate the presence of a brief or fragmentary sound that immediately follows a more dominant, fully articulated sound. Example: o If the word her is produced with a brief schwa vowel immediately following the vowel [ɝ], then the word would be transcribed as [h ɝə].

Nasal Symbols  Nasal symbols- Describe phonetic properties related to velopharyngeal function, that is, the valving between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity.

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Nasalized [b æ6 d] A nasalized sound is produced with nasal resonance, which is creased when the velopharyngeal port is open, allowing voicing energy to radiate through the nasal cavity.

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The symbol [~] is used for oral sounds that are produced with some degree of nasal resonance.

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Plosives are affected by nasalization because too much air is escaping the nose during nasalization and plosive needs the air to stop Weak plosive- children with cleft palate often have this

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In English, typical speakers exhibit some degree of nasalization of vowels produced before and/or after nasal consonants.

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Some speakers exhibit nasal resonance outside typical contexts for allophonic nasalization and may be described as having hypernasal quality to their speech. o Hypernasality: o often arises as a consequence of structural or functional abnormalities affecting the velopharyngeal valving mechanism.

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Denasalized [~ ] A denasalized segment is a segment that lacks an appropriate degree of nasalization in a context where nasalization is typically produced.

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Rarely used in the transcription of typical speakers. o

Might be used for a speaker who fails to open the velopharyngeal port in a context when it normally would open.

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May also be heard for speakers with nasal congestion.

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Could be from a Head cold

Nasal Emission (IPA [s n])  

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Nasal emission is the release of noise energy through the nose during the production of a consonant that requires a buildup of pressure in the oral cavity, such as a stop or sibilant. Nasal emission does not commonly occur in typical speech but is frequently noted in the speech of people with a cleft palate or other velopharyngeal abnormality. Lip Symbols Rounded (or Protruded) Vowel o A rounded vowel is produced with rounding, or protrusion of the lips. o The diacritic is reserved for cases where a sound is produced with an atypical degree of rounding.

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Unrounded (or unprotruded) Vowel The unrounded diacritic is used when a vowel is produced without the typical degree of rounding of the lips.

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The diacritic should be over the vowel...