CRIM 2140 Notes WEEK 3 PDF

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CRIM 2140 LECTURE NOTES WEEK 3 September 19th, 2019 Perceptions of Yourself and Others How do self-perceptions and opinions of other impact your decisions? Perceptions of Self (con.t)  Your “self-concept” plays a role in how/why you communicate with others  And how you interpret the meaning of how other communicate to you What does “Self-Concept” mean?  “. . . Refers to all the beliefs that a person may have with respect to their own behavior. It includes your physical, mental, vocational, and communication capabilities….” Self-Concept Formed Through  Self-appraisal: do you look in the mirror and make a judgement about yourself? Reactions and Responses  Reactions and responses of others: o How do you react to what people say about you? o What does it depend on? Roles  Presented through roles we play in our lives – these roles are many identities that you have Influential Values in the Formation of Your Self Concept  Cultural, ethnic or racial background and values learned  Family and gender roles Influences (con.t)  Spiritual beliefs and the influence of religion in your life  Your education and what you have learned over the course of your life  Your peers and friends  Your job, your training, who trains you  Personal value system or personal code of ethics Role of Self Concept in How Your Communicate  Predictor of behaviour – when your behaviour becomes a “self-fulfilling prophecy”. Two Types of Self Fulfilling Prophecies

1. Self-imposed prophecies- when your actions may be governed by the expectations that others have of you 2. Other imposed prophecies- when your actions may be governed by the expectations that others have of you Role of Self- Concept  Filter of statements  Influence of word selection and tone of voice Role of Self Concept (con.t)  Moderator of competing internal messages in your brain- may help to choose a course of actions  Influence on perceptions of others How do you form opinions of others?  Imagine you walk into a room full of people that you do not know. You look around the room at the people forming opinions of people. What influences these opinions? Are opinions accurate?  Are your impressions based on accurate information?  Will your perceptions change? Why? Factors affecting accuracy of perceptions of others  Emotional state- how you are feeling at the moment of the interaction  Assumed similarity- assumed people are like you if you share some similar characteristics  Selective perception- think highly of someone you want to be with admire, then get to know them and realize you were wrong  perceptual defence- looking at the world through “rose colored glasses”  halo effect- form a complex opinion of someone based on a dominant characteristic  ethnocentrism- process of judging another culture using the standards of one’s own culture of the superiority of your own culture  stereotyping- judging a category or class of people Stereotyping  Distinguish between a class or category  Observe 1 or more people in this category exhibiting certain traits  Generalize from this and perceive everyone in this category exhibits these traits  Make judgements about entire group Negative Stereotyping  Identify negative characteristics

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Generalize to whole group Verify through own experience Justification for unfair treatment Separate, exclude with feelings of fear and hostility

Improving Perceptions of Self and Others  Question accuracy, seek more info  Separate facts from inferences  Don’t jump to conclusions  Realize perception can change over time Practical Cultural Respect  Article: “Counselors should understand cultural differences”  “cultural competence”- know and understand the various ways culture impacts the counselling relationship and the need to increase sensitivity of unique backgrounds of clients”  ex. Language difficulties, eye contact, etc....