Criminalistics key word for ciminology student PDF

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criminology memory aid this will help to understand moire about the course of criminology...

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CRIMINALISTICS BALLISTIC  Ballistic - Science of motion of projectile  From the word “ballein or ballo” which literally means to “throw” Branch of Ballistic  Internal - still inside the firearm  External - movement of the projectile after leaving the muzzle  Forensic Ballistic - study of motion of projectile as applied to law  Terminal Ballistic - impact of projectile on the target  Hang fire - cartridge took several seconds before it discharged upon firing  Trajectory - actual curved path of the projectile  Range imaginary straight distances between the muzzle of the gun & target.  Accurate - shooter has control of his shot  Effective - bullet is still capable of inflicting fatal injury  Maximum - farthest distance bullet can travel  Maximum Effective - farthest distance that bullet can inflict fatal injury  Recoil - rearward reaction of the firearm  Gyroscopic action - stillness of the bullet in flight  Ricochet - bouncing of bullet  Yaw - unstable rotation motion of bullet  Key hole shot - tumbling of bullet in flight and hitting the target sidewise  Calvin Goddard - Father of Modern Ballistic  Alexander John Forsyth -Father of Percussion System  Barrel, frame and receiver is considered a firearm according to RA 10591.  Ammunition - “loaded shell” for rifles, muskets, carbines, shotguns, revolvers and pistols from which a ball, bullet, shot, shell or other missile may be fired by means of gunpowder or other explosives.  Extractor - causes the empty shell to be withdrawn /pull out from chamber  Ejector - causes the empty shell to be thrown out of the firearm  Flash hole - holes where the primer imparts ignition to the gun powder  1 hole – Boxer type  2 holes – Berdan type  Bullet - from French word "boulette"  little ball Type of Bullet According to its Maximum Effect to the target  Armour Piercing - designed to penetrate light steel armour.  Explosive Bullet - small bullet containing a charge of explosive which will detonate on impact.  Incendiary Bullet - used to cause fire in target.  Tracer Bullet - capable of living visible marks or traces while in flight.  Roger Bacon - formula for gunpowder (13th Century)  Berthold Schwartz - 1st person to employ gunpowder for propelling a projectile.  Smooth Bore F/A - no rifling  Rifled Bore F/A - have rifling inside gun barrel  Artillery - projectile 1 inch diameter or above  Small Arm - less than one inch diameter and can be handled, moved and operated by one man.  Sub Machine Gun - is a light, portable form of machine gun, utilizing a pistol size ammunition.  Carbine - short barrel rifle, with its barrel life measuring not longer than 22 inches.  Musket - ancient smooth bore and muzzle loading military shoulder arm designed to fire a shot or a single round lead ball.  Revolver - hand firearm in which a rotating cylinder successively places cartridges into position for firing  Pistol - hand firearm usually applied to simple shot and automatic loading.  Rifle - shoulder weapon designed to fire a projectile with more accuracy through a long rifled

bore barrel.  Shotgun smooth bore firearm designed to fire a number of lead pellets or a shot in one charge.  Rifle - shoulder weapon designed to fire a projectile usually more than 22 inches.

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Zip gun - refers to all type of home made gun. Flare Gun - designed for tracing enemy, locating or sending signals Paradox Gun - gun which contain lands and grooves a few inch from the muzzle point Kolibre - smallest pistol Caliber refers to distance between the lands (bore diameter) Class Characteristic - can be determined even before the manufacture. Marking in recovered shells  inside near open mouth. Marking in fired bullets ogive or nose Marking in damage or disfigured fired bullets base Individual Characteristics - found in the interior surface of the gun barrel and the breech face. Skid marks - found on the fired bullet from a revolver. Slippage marks - found on fired bullets passing through either on oily or oversize barrel. Stripping marks - found in bullet fired from a “loose-bore” barrel Shaving marks - from revolver caused by forward movement to the barrel that is poorly aligned to the cylinder Firing pin mark - found at the base portion of the cartridge case Breech face mark - found at the base portion of the shell cause by the backward movement to the breech face of the block of the firearm. Extractor mark - found at the extracting groove of the fired cartridge shell, cause by its withdrawal from the chamber. Ejector mark - located near the rim of the case cause by the throwing of shell from the firearm to the area of shooting. Shearing mark - called “Secondary firing pin mark” found on the primer near the firing pin mark. Analytical/Torsion Balance - measure weight of bullet Bullet Comparison Microscope - comparison of fired bullet or shells Bullet Recovery Box -12 “x”12”x 96, with a hinged to cover and with one end open. This long box is filled with ordinary cotton and separated into sections by cardboard petitions. Chronograph - measure velocity of bullet Caliper - measure calibre, barrel length, bullet diameter Helixometer - measure pitch of rifling Taper Gauge - bore diameter

PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION  In China, fingerprint is called “Hua Chi”  Marcelo Malpighi - discover “Epidermis”  Herman Welcker - took the prints of his own palm. In 1897, (forty one years later) he printed the same palm to prove that the prints do not change.  William J. Herschel - used fingerprints in India to prevent fraudulent collection. (RAJYADHAR KONAI first person Herschel printed appears to have been one)  People vs. Medina - 1st leading judicial decision in the Philippine jurisprudence based on the science of fingerprinting  Hans Gross - “FATHER OF MODERN CRIMINALISTICS”  Alphonse Bertillion – Father of Personal Identification Principles of Fingeprint  Individuality - no two person have the same fingerprint  Infallibility - F.P. is a positive and reliable means of identification. It cannot be easily forged.  Constancy and permanency - friction ridge once fully developed will remain the same throughout his life.  Ridge - elevated or hill like structure. (black line with tiny white dots)  Furrow - canal like structure. (white space between ridges)  Friction Skin - epidermal hairless skin found on the ventral or lower surface of the hands and feet covered with ridges and furrows. Also called papillary skin.

 3-4 months of fetal development (Ridges begin to form)  Depth of 1 mm will constitute permanent scar in the dermis.

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 dermal papillae - composed of delicate connective tissue protruding and forming the ridges of the skin on the fingers, palm, toes and sole of the feet. Abnormalities in the finger  Polydactyl - more than regular number of finger  Macrodactyl - enlarged finger  Microdactyl - reduced finger  Ectodactyl - missing finger at birth  Syndactyl - side fussion of the finger  Ankylosis – finger cannot be bend Ridge Characteristic (Galton’s Detail)  Ridge Dot - ridge formation in the form of a dot or a period.  Bifurcation - single ridge divides in to two. It resemble a fork shape.  Ending ridge - abrupt ending of a ridge (1mm)  Diverging ridge - 2 ridges that spread apart  Converging ridge - 2 ridge that come together as one  Enclosure - single ridge divide in to two and form again  Type line - diverging ridge that tend to surround the pattern area & serve as a basic boundary of fingerprint pattern  Pattern area - art of loop or whorl pattern surrounded by the type line and consisting of delta, core and ridges.  Appendage - shot ridge at the top of the recurve  Rod/Bar - short or long ridge found inside the recurve and directed towards the core or parallel to the recurve.  Obstruction Ridge - short ridge found inside the recurve which block the inner line of flow towards the core  Delta - “OUTER TERMINUS” is a point along a ridge formation found at the center or near the center of the diverging type lines.  Core - “INNER TERMINUS” found in the center of innermost recurve.  Blocking-out - process of placing under each pattern the letter symbol representing their pattern interpretation.  Plain impression - taken simultaneously pressing the finger to the card, used as REFERENCE CLASSIFICATION  Rolled impression - impression taken individually by rolling each finger.  Thumb finger are rolled towards the body while all other finger are rolled away from the body.  GALTON-HENRY SYSTEM WITH FBI MODIFICATION AND EXTENSION - system of fingerprint adopted in the Philippines.

Plain Arch

Tented Arch Radial Loop Ulnar Loop Plain Whorl

Ridges flow from one side to the other side with a slight raise at the center. (no delta and core) Having an up thrust or an incomplete loop form. Type of pattern in which the slanting ridge flows towards the thumb finger. Slanting ridge flows towards the little finger. Has 2 deltas and at least one ridge making a complete circuit, which maybe spiral, oval, circular or any variant of a circle. An imaginary line drawn between two deltas must touch or cross at least one of the recurving ridges within the inner

Central

patter area. 2 deltas and at least one ridge

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Pocket Loop Whorl Double Loop Whorl Accidental Whorl

making a complete circuit. An imaginary line drawn between the two deltas must not touch or cross any of the recurving ridges. Consist of two separate loop formation, with two separate and distinct set of shoulders and two deltas. Combination of two different pattern with the exception of plain arch.

 There are 3 types of tented arch Classification of Fingerprint  Primary division - always represented by a numerical value assigned to whorl pattern depending to what finger they appear. (both arch and loop have no value)  Secondary division - Represented by capital and small letter combination based on the interpretation made during the blocking.  Sub secondary division - derived by ridge counting of loop and ridge tracing of whorl found in the index, middle and ring only. BOTH ARCH ARE ALWAYS (-)  Ridge Counting - counting of ridges between delta and core of a loop.  Ridge Tracing - counting the ridges intervening between tracing ridge and the right delta of whorl. Rules in Ridge Tracing  Inner Whorl - tracing goes above or inside the right delta and there are three or more intervening ridge.  Outer Whorl - tracing ridge goes below or outside the right delta and there are three or more intervening ridge  Meeting Whorl - there are two or less intervening ridges either above or below.  Major Division - taken from thumb fingers only.  Both Arch (-)  Whorl - ridge tracing = inner, outer or meeting  Loop - ridge counting = small, medium, large  Final Division - Little finger only = both Arch (-)  Radial/Ulnar - usual process  Plain or Central Pocket Loop Whorl - will be treated as ulnar loop  Double Loop Whorl - get the ridge count of the top loop  Accidental Whorl - get the least ridge count LEGAL MEDICINE  Legal medicine - application of medical knowledge to the purpose of law.  Forensic Medicine use of medical science to elucidate legal problems.  Medical Jurisprudence aspects of law and legal concepts to medical practice.  Principle of Stare Decisis - court decision will apply to all future cases where the facts are substantially the same.  Imhotep - earliest recorded medico legal expert.  Hippocrates - Father of Medicine  Antistius - 1st Police Surgeon  Paulus Zachias - Father of Forensic Medicine  Mathiew Orfila - Father of Modern Toxicology  Law of Multiplicity of Evidence in Identification - the Greater the number of points of similarities and dissimilarities of 2 person compared, there is greater probability of the conclusion to be correct.

 Gait - manner of walking  Mannerism – habit peculiar to the individual

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Hippocratic facies - appearance of the face is indicative of approaching death. 8X the length of the head is approximately equal to the height of the person Precipitin Test - use to determine whether the blood is human origin or not. Keratin - protein found in human hair Other Points in the Identification of Hair  Length of Hair - hair from the scalp grow 2.5 cm a month while beard hair grows at the rate of 0.4 mm/day  Pubic hair appear - age 13 in female and 14 in male  Mustache and beard - 16-18 years old  Breast commences - 13-14 years old  Male develop low tone voice - bet. Age of 16-18 years old  Hair turn to gray - after 40 years old  Pubic hair may turn gray at the age of 50 years old  Menstruation in women - 12 years old Somatic in Clinical Death - complete, persistent and continous cessation of the vital functions of the brain, heart and lungs which maintains life and health. Molecular or Cellular Death - after cessation of the vital function of the body, there is still animal life among individual cells. About 3-6 hours, later, there is death of individual cells. Apparent Death or Dead of Suspended Animation - not really death but merely a transient loss of consciousness or temporary cessation of the vital functions of the body on account of a disease, external stimuli or other forms of influence. Magnus test - ligature is applied around the base of a finger with moderate tightness Icard’s Test - by injection of flourescein subcutaneously. If circulation is present, the dye will spread all over the body and will have a greenish yellow Diaphanous test - fingers are spread wide and viewed against the light. If alive, finger web is color red and yellow if dead. Algor motis - Cooling of the body The fall of temperature of 15-20 degrees Fahrenheit is considered as a certain sign of death. Stage of Primary Flaccidity - there is complete relaxation and softening of all muscles of the body. This stage usually last about 3-6 hours after death. Stage of Post Mortem Rigidity - In warm country like Philippines, it start 2-3 hours after death and fully developed after 12 hours Condition Simulating Rigor Mortis Heat Stiffening - if the body s exposed to temperature above 75 degree Celsius it will coagulate the muscle proteins and cause the muscles to be rigid Cold Stiffening - occur when body is frozen. It is due to the solidification of fat when the body is exposed to freezing temperature. Cadaveric Spasm or Instantaneous Rigor - occur at the moment of death due to extreme nervous tension, exhaustion an injury to the nervous system or injury to the chest.

Time of appearance Muscles involved Occurrence Medico legal significanc e

RIGOR MORTIS 3-6 hours after death All mucles

Natural phenomenon Determine time of death

CADAVERIC SPASM Immediately after death Certain muscles with are assymetrical May or may not appear Determine nature of crime

 Stage of Secondary Flaccidity - after the disappearance of rigor mortis, the muscles becomes soft and flaccid. It does not respond to mechanical and electrical stimulus....