Criminological-Theory-Historical-Timeline PDF

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Criminological Theory: Historical Timelines Classical Theory of Crime and Punishment A precursor to scientific criminology was the rational thought and economic assumptions of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosophy of Cesare Beccaria (1735–1795) and Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832). Under this theory individuals are said to choose to commit crime based on whether they will derive more pleasure than pain. Burglars, for example, weigh the pros and cons of invading someone’s property by taking into consideration the existence of fences, locks, and guardians; whether they think they will get caught; and, if they are caught, whether they will be seriously punished.

THEORIST

KEY WORKS OF CLASSICAL THEORY MAJOR WORK

DATE

Montesquieu

De l'Espirist des Lois (The Spirit of the Laws)

1748

Voltaire Beccaria

Lettre a M. d'Alembert (Letters) Tratto dei Delitti e delle Pene (Essay on Crimes and Punishment)

1762 1764

Bentham Howard

An introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation The State of Prisons

1765 1789 1777

Marat

Plan de legislation criminelle

1780

Kant

Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals Philosophy of Law

1797

Romilly

Observation on the Criminal Law

1810

Rational Choice Theories of Crime Subsequent development of classical theory produced the following cluster of theories: Neo-classicism Humanitarian Rationalism Administrative Criminology Justice Model Just Deserts Model Due Process Model Economic Theory of Crime Wealth Maximization Theory 1

Time Allocation Theory Rational Choice Theory Situational Choice Theory Routine Activities Theory The key works of these contemporary theorists can be classified in the following three categories —(1) contemporary neo-classicists, (2) economists of crime, and (3) post-classical rational choice, situational choice and routine activities theorists. KEY WORKS OF RATIONAL CHOICE THEORIES OF CRIME THEORIST American Friends Service Committee

1.CONTEMPORARY NEO-CLASSICISTS Struggle for Justice

1971

Fogel

We are the Living Proof: The Justice Model for Corrections

1975

Von Hirsch

Doing Justice

1976

Becker Tullock

2. ECONOMISTS OF CRIME "Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach" "An Economic Approach to Crime"

1968 1969

Reynolds

The Economics of Criminal Activity

1973

Ehrlich

"Participation in Illegitimate Activities: An Economic Analysis" "The Market for Offenses and the Public Enforcement of Laws"

1973 1982

Sullivan

"The Economics of Crime"

1973

Heineke

The Economics of Crime

1978

Simon & Witte Schmidt & Witte

Beating the System: The Underground Economy An Economic Analysis of Crime and Justice

1982 1984

3. POST-CLASSICAL RATIONAL CHOICE, SITUATIONAL CHOICE AND ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORISTS Clarke Cornish & Clarke

Clarke & Cornish Cohen & Felson Felson

2

Situational Crime Prevention The Reasoning Criminal "Rational Choice Theory"

1997 1986 1986

“The Rational Choice Perspective” Theory and Practice in Situational Crime Prevention “Rational Choice”

2005 2003 2001

"Social Change and Crime Rate Trends" "Routine Activities, Social Controls, Rational Decisions and Criminal Outcomes"

1979 1986

"Routine Activities and Crime Prevention in the Developing Metropolis"

1987

Cooke

"The Demand and Supply of Criminal Opportunities"

1986

Roshier Ward, Stafford & Gray

Controlling Crime Rational Choice, Deterrence, and Theoretical Integration

1989 2006

Biological Theories of Crime The idea that crime is freely chosen was challenged by the early anthropologically and biologically based formulations of the Italian school of criminologists, including Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909), Raffaele Garofalo (1852– 1934), and Enrico Ferri (1856–1928), who believed crime was caused, not chosen. Analyzing convicted criminals and cadavers, these founding scientific criminologists claimed to show that crime was caused by biological defects in inferior “atavistic” individuals who were “throwbacks” from an earlier evolutionary stage of human development.

THEORIST

KEY WORKS OF BIOLOGICAL THEORY OF CRIME MAJOR WORK

DATE

della Porte Lavater Pinel

The Human Physiognomy Physiognomical Fragments A Treatise on Insanity

1586 1775 1806

Gall

Les Fonctions du Cerveau

1810

Caldwell

Elements of Phrenology

1824

Pritchard

A Treatise on Insanity

1835

Esquirol

Des malades mentales

1838

Maudsley

The Physiology and Pathology of the Mind Responsibility in Mental Disease L'Uomo Delinquente (The Delinquent Man) Crime: Its Causes and Remedies Criminal Man (new translation) Criminal Woman, the Prostitute, and the Normal Woman.

1867 1874

1878 1884

Benedikt

The Theory of Immutability and the Denial of Free Will Criminal Sociology Anatomical Studies upon the Brains of Criminals

1881

MacDonald

Criminology

1893

Lombroso

Lombroso & Ferrero Ferri

3

1876 1911 2005 2004

Bois Ellis

Prisoners and Paupers The Science of Penology The Criminal

1893 1901 1897

Drahms

The Criminal: His Personnel & Environment

1900

Goring

The English Convict

1913

Heredity and Constitutional Theory of Crime Subsequent development of biological theory produced the following cluster of theories: Constitutional theory Body-type theory Criminal somatology Bio-criminology Socio-biology Bio-social theory Neo-biology Bio-psychology Genetic theory XYY Chromosome theory Endocrinological theory Hormone theory Evolutionary r/K theory Molecular genetic theory The idea that individual bodily differences can explain crime carried into late-nineteenth-century United States, with criminal anthropologists such as Ernest Hooton, who believed in the criminal man, and constitutional theorist William Sheldon, who believed crime came from feeble minds and inferior physical constitutions. KEY WORKS OF HEREDITY AND CONSTITUTIONAL THEORY OF CRIME THEORIST

MAJOR WORK

Dugdale

Lange

The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease, and Heredity An Introduction to the Study of the Dependent, Defective and Delinquent Class The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeblemindedness Feeblemindedness, Its Cause and Consequences Crime and Destiny

1914 1919

Kretschmer

Physique and Character

1921

Henderson Goddard

4

DATE 1877 1893 1912

Hooton

Crime and the Man The American Criminal The Varieties of Human Physique The Varieties of Temperament Varieties of Delinquent Youth

Sheldon et al

Glueck & Glueck

Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency Physique and Delinquency

1931 1939 1940 1942 1949 1950 1956

Genetic and Sociobiological Theories of Crime With the advent of genetics, the biological theory of crime became more sophisticated, incorporating biosociology, and more nuanced, recognizing that biology is not destiny and depends on an interaction with the environment in a dynamic, mutually influencing contingent relationship from which crime is sometimes the behavioral outcome. In the work of Anthony Walsh, Lee Ellis, Kevin Beaver and Diana Feinstein, biology is integrated with other theories of criminal behavior.

THEORIST

KEY WORKS OF GENETIC THEORY OF CRIME MAJOR WORK

DATE

Hutchings

"Genetic factors in criminality"

1974

Mednick Mednick & Christiansen Mednick & Shoham Gabrielli & Mednick Mednick, Moffit &Stack Hurwitz and Christiansen Jeffrey Jeffrey Jeffrey

Genetics, Environment and Psychopathology Biosocial Bases of Criminal Behavior New Paths in Criminology "Genetic Correlates of Criminal Behavior" The Causes of Crime: New Biological Approaches Criminology Biology and Crime Criminology Biological and Neuropsychiatric Approaches to Criminal Behavior Genetics and Criminal Behavior "Criminal Behavior and r/K selection: An extension of gene-based evolutionary theory" “Gene-Based Evolutionary Theories in Criminology”

1974 1977 1979 1983 1987 1983 1979 1990

Wilson & Herrnstein

Crime and Human Nature

1985

Denno

Biology and Violence: From Birth to Adulthood

1990

Rafter (Historian of)

Creating Born Criminals The Criminal Brain: Understanding Biological Theories of Crime

1997

Ellis Ellis Ellis & Walsh

5

1994 1982 1988 1997

2008

Niehoff

The Biology of Violence

1999

Fishbein

Biobehavioral Perspectives in Criminology The Science Treatment and Prevention of Antisocial Behavior: Applications to the Criminal Justice System. 2 vols

2001 1999/ 2004

Rowe

Biology and Crime

2002

Walsh

“Behavior Genetics and Anomie/Strain Theory” Biosocial criminology: Introduction and integration Biology and criminology: The biosocial synthesis. “Evolutionary psychology and criminal behavior.” Feminist criminology through a biosocial lens. Social class and crime: A biosocial approach. Criminological Theory: Assessing Philosophical Assumptions Biosocial Criminology: New Directions in Theory and Research

2000 2002 2009 2006 2011 2011 2014

Nelson Rutter

Biology of Aggression Genes and Behavior: Nature-nurture Interplay Explained

2006 2006

Anderson Ross & Hilborn

Biological Influences on Criminal Behavior Rehabilitating Rehabilitation: Neurocriminology for Treatment of Antisocial Behavior

2007 2008

Beaver

“Molecular genetics and crime” Biosocial Criminology: A Primer

2009 2009

Walsh & Beaver

2009

Psychological and Psychoanalytical Theory of Crime One early challenge to the founding biological theories came from the Freudian-influenced psychoanalysis popular in the early twentieth century. For thinkers such as Augusta Bronner, the root of crime lay in the failure of family socialization in a child’s early years, resulting in a defective personality. Thus, the antisocial delinquent act of vandalism might be explained by inadequate parenting leading to a failure to develop affective ties with others and therefore a lack of respect for their property. KEY WORKS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY OF CRIME THEORIST MAJOR WORK DATE Freud

Civilization and its Discontents. “Criminals from a Sense of Guilt”

1927 1950

Healy

The Individual Delinquent

1915

6

Healy & Bronner

Delinquents and Criminals: Their Making and Unmaking New Light on Delinquency and its Treatment

1926

Aichhorn

Wayward Youth

1935

Bowlby Abrahamsen

Forty-four Juvenile Thieves Crime and the Human Mind The Psychology of Crime

1944 1944 1960

Friedlander

The Psychoanalytical Approach to Juvenile Delinquency

1947

Redl & Wineman

Children Who Hate Controls from Within

1951 1952

1936

Personality Theory of Crime Psychological and Psychoanalytical theories led to the development of a variety of psychological approaches: Traditional psychiatric criminology Contemporary psychiatric criminology Forensic criminology Organismic theory Psychogenic theory Criminal personality theory Problem behavior theory Cognitive theory Criminal personality theory sees human personalities and personality traits developing from interaction with parents and significant others, which is why these theories are also seen as a subcategory of trait-based theory. Some traits produce tendencies or proclivities toward crime. Hans Eysenck’s (1964) criminal personality theory, for example, asserted that some people were less susceptible to conventional socialization because they were extroverted personalities. Others, such as Robert Hare and Adrian Raine, saw crime resulting from extreme personality defects such as psychopathy.

THEORIST Cleckley

KEY WORKS OF PERSONALITY THEORY OF CRIME MAJOR WORK The Mask of Sanity

Trasler Eysenck Eysenck & Gudjonsson 7

The Explanation of Criminality Crime and Personality Personality Conditioning and Anti-social Behavior

DATE 1955 1962 1964 1983 1989

The Causes and Cures of Criminality Hare Halleck Jessor & Jessor

Psychopathy: Theory and Research Psychiatry and the Dilemmas of Crime Problem Behavior and Psychosocial Development

1970 1971 1977

Raine

The Psychopathology of Crime: Criminal behavior as a Clinical Disorder

1993

Blair, Mitchell, & Blair

The Psychopath: Emotion and the Brain

2005

Cognitive Theory of Crime Cognitive theory superseded both the criminal personality theory of Hans Eysenck (1964), who asserted that some people are predisposed to being under-socialized because they are extroverted personalities—and the criminal thinking patterns theory of Samuel Yochelson and Stanton Samenow (1976, 1977), who maintained that people learn to think antisocially and then become locked into that way of thinking. While Samenow had moved the somewhat static personality theory to a more dynamic cognitive theory, major developments came from Albert Bandura, who began as a social learning theorist, and Aaron Beck. KEY WORKS OF COGNITIVE THEORY OF CRIME THEORIST

MAJOR WORK

DATE

Yochelson & Samenow

The Criminal Personality Vols. 1-3

1976 1977 1987

Samenow

Inside the Criminal Mind Before It’s too Late: Why Some Children Get into Trouble and What Their Parents can do about it Time to Think: A Cognitive Model of Delinquency Prevention and Offender Rehabilitation

1984

Social Foundation of Thought and Acquisition Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control “A Social Cognitive Analysis of Substance Abuse: An Agentic Perspective” “A Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective”

1986 1997

Ross and Fabiano

Bandura

Beck Farrington

8

2001 1985

1999 2001

Prisoners of Hate: The Cognitive Basis of Anger, Hostility and Violence

1999

The Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential (ICAP) Theory

2005

Personality Organization and Latent Trait Theories of Crime More recent developments in trait-based theories of crime see traits emerging from interaction with a variety of factors, including treatment by others, particularly in ways others try to control their behavior and social and environmental conditions that can predispose them to more risk taking behaviors resulting in anti-social behavior, crime or victimization. These theories, which some call latent trait theory or personality organization theory, like cognitive theory, move away from a static version of personality traits toward a dynamic version that can be affected by a variety of factors including cognition. These theories overlap with and are sometimes discussed together with lifecourse development theories.

KEY WORKS OF PERSONALITY ORGANIZATION AND LATENT TRAIT THEORIES OF CRIME THEORIST Mischel Mischel & Shoda

MAJOR WORK Personality and Assessment “A cognitive-affective system theory of personality” Coercive Family Process

Patterson Rowe, Osgoode & Nicewander Gottfredson & Hirschi Colvin Horney

A Latent-Trait Approach to Unifying Criminal Careers A General Theory of Crime Crime and Coercion: An Integrated Theory of chronic Criminality “An alternative psychology of criminal behavior”

DATE 1968 1995 1982 1990 1990 2000 2006

Lifecourse Theories of Crime and Developmental Criminology Lifecourse theory argues that people’s propensity for crime is affected by significant events called “turning points” or “transitions” in the course of their life or in their life’s trajectory. These turning points can result in criminal activity becoming persistent or desistent and this can be early onset or late onset. In this theory, crime or its absence is related to age, and maturation out of crime or commitment to it. KEY WORKS OF LIFE-COURSE THEORIES OF CRIME AND DEVELOPMENTAL CRIMINOLOGY THEORIST Quetelet

9

MAJOR WORK

DATE

Research on the propensity for Crime at Different Ages

1831

Glueck & Glueck

Criminal Careers Later Criminal Careers Juvenile Delinquent Grown Up Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency Delinquents & Non-Delinquents in Perspective

1930 1937 1940 1950 1968

Robins Robins & Rutter

Deviant Children Grown Up Straight & Devious Pathways from Childhood to Adulthood

1966

Wolfgang, Figlio & Sellin Rowe & Tittle Cline

Delinquency in a Birth Cohort “Life Cycle Changes and Criminal Propensity” “Criminal Behavior over the Lifespan”

1972 1977 1980

Hirschi & Gottfredson

“Age and the Explanation of Crime” “Control Theory and the life Course Perspective”

1983 1995

Huesmann, Eron, Lefkowitz & Walder Shover Greenberg Hawkins & Weis

“Stability of Aggression Over Time and Generations” Aging Criminals “Age, Crime and Social Explanation” “The social development model: An integrated approach to delinquency prevention”

1984

Farrington

Nagin & Farrington

Nagin, Farrington & Moffitt Blumstein, Cohen, Roth & Visher Blumstein, Cohen & Farrington Caspi, Elder & Bem

“Age and Crime” “Explaining the Beginning, Progress, and Ending of Antisocial Behavior from Birth to Adulthood” “The Stability of Criminal Potential: From Childhood to Adulthood” “The Onset and Persistence of Offending” Life-course Trajectories of Different Types of Offenders Criminal Careers and “Career Criminals”

1990

1985 1985 1985 1986 1992 1992 1992 1995 1986

“Criminal Career Research: Its Value for Criminology” “Moving Against the World: Life-course Patterns of Explosive Children”

1998

Thornberry

“Toward and Interactional Theory of Deviance”

1987

Hagan & Palloni Hagan

Crimes as Social Events in the Lifecourse” “Crime and Capitalization: Toward a Developmental Theory of Street Crime” Criminal Career Continuity: Its Social Context

1988 1997 1988

“Heterogeneity of Causes for Delinquency and Criminality: Lifespan Perspectives”

1989

Shannon DiLalla & Grottesman

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