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CORONA, JOWEE FAITH G. BSA 2-6 A constellation of numerous undesirable conditions in life: output, income, modes of production behavioral patterns that constitute a nation together with unfavourable institutions— as said by Myrdal in an article written by Kwatiah (2016), an underdeveloped country is undoubtedly beyond the vignettes of the vulnerable ones engraved in the minds of the majority. To Bello, Sen, and Birdsall et. al, development hinges on the ability of a nation to exhibit comprehensive progress from the notion of freedom to live an acceptable quality of life wherein the welfare of the people is prioritized over dreadful temptations in the ruling class, especially when external factors involving developed nations also flaunt transformational initiatives for changes in the underdeveloped states. If the developed nations have the capability to prosper through decades, then why can’t it just help the underdeveloped ones? While it is true that there are inequalities in the labor market and other trading opportunities, the former may be given a spotlight for the intentions to transform a nation despite wrongful administration of aid being provided to the latter—which brings us to the main point of the story: a governing body that constitutes the responsibilities to transform the nation socially, politically and economically is a hindrance to a state’s development. In short, what’s taking an underdeveloped country to flourish is not the deficiency of resources, labor, or anything else—it is the group of people capable of transforming the nation itself. With the word transformation, it means to settle controls over economic policies, financing development-friendly technologies and opening up labor markets through the hands of the underdeveloped countries themselves, as suggested by Birdsall et. al (2015). Even so, developed nations can truly be of aid to the developing ones because financial aids given are beneficial to a nation, but only for a short period of time. Gaining access to external markets and resources are also deemed as band-aid solutions; economic success is interrelated with the progress of a nation in political institutions, the root of the complications which affect a state extensively. On the other hand, better market access granted to developing nations does not guarantee the progress in all sectors of the society. The group of authors have only emphasized that foreign aid is not the ultimate answer to sustainable growth of developing contries for it is the ability of the administration to competent allocation of resources in the long run. Instead, it is suggested that enacting creative domestic reforms may be one of the steps taken jointly with the macroeconomic stability being aimed for.

CORONA, JOWEE FAITH G. BSA 2-6 The involvement of foreign nations may not be the primary factor for the said development but it may be inferred that it plays an influential role for the country to thrive; take the liberalization of agricultural tariffs for instance. International trade agreements must be more considerate of the developing nations, for costly obligations only impede growth in the unwealthy nations. Furthermore, financial institutions must also provide resources on the basis of progress in various benchmarks prioritizing the accomplishment of global development goals. In addition, the exploitation of resources is not long-term, therefore, it must be noted that environmental objectives must also be part of the plan to progress, especially for the developed nations which are the main contributors of pollution that primarily affect the underdeveloped ones, often leading people to opt for damaging decisions for survival. Focusing on low-skill laborers should also be prioritized in the labor market for it can engender opportunities for both the world economy and undeveloped nations. Development as a process of expanding the real freedoms that people enjoy—according to Sen, it arises from the rights being freely expressed by the people. To aim for development is to comprehend the major sources of unfreedom, particularly, poverty, tyranny, poor economic opportunities, social depriation and more. “Sometimes the lack of substantive freedoms relates directly to economic poverty…” (Sen, 1991) Like in the first article, being denied for opportunities in the existing labor market is a hindrance to growth, especially when prospect participants in the underdeveloped nations are being disregarded. As said, the participation in an economic interchange has a basic role in social living, and negligence of such right leads to explicit damage on the social aspect derived from interactions between nations. Economic transactions among nations may ignite growth in figures but it is also important to note the significance of economic, social and political freedom that jointly enhance the lives of the people, entailing freedom to experience national development when it is properly administered. As for Bello (2013), development arises from a structural change prioritizing the following agendas: production at a reasonable cost for domestic markets more than in export markets, trade mechanisms, industrial policies, decommodification, equitable income and land redistribution, and other social aspects interrelated to economic growth.

CORONA, JOWEE FAITH G. BSA 2-6 All of the articles had one clear thing in common: structural changes in the administration in order to combat the lack of freedom instigated by poverty, together with collective accomplishment of goals globally. Philippines, for instance, is an underdeveloped country. Last 2019, economic growth was driven by private consumption as well as moderation of inflation, steady remittance inflows, improving job markets and increase in economic activities. (“ Philippines Economic Update”, 2019) Since 2015, the unemployment rate also decreased from 6.3% to 5.1% before the pandemic and the GDP per capita continued to increase from 2,015 USD to 3,480 USD in 2019. The state is also known for being a trade partner of China, Japan and United States, exporting goods like machineries and precision instruments. Despite such, laws continue to restrict foreign ownership in various sectors such as land ownership and public utilities. Like what was suggested by the authors, implementation of reforms are necessary in order to attain growth and development, particularly, in political decisions influencing the economic sector of the country which further transforms the society. This might have to include addressing of unclear regulations in infrastructure sectors and professional services for more competitive conditions, elimination of restrictions on foreign and domestic investors, minimizing scope of controlled prices, promoting effective use of public funds through lessening the involvement of state-owned enterprises in competitive markets and streamline adminsitrative procedures. In addition, it is said that the state is weakened by complications arising from both the external environment and domestic one—where a weak global economic environment is evident and minimal recoveries in public investments. While the poverty reduction before the pandemic was presumed to continue, public investments and reforms involving the Rice Tarrification Law, creation of foundational ID system and taking initiatives to the existing high levels of income inequality, government shortcomings with high corruption rates and inadequate infrastructure levels would highly prompt growth if made possible by recoveries from the damage brought by the existing pandemic. Of course, long-term promotion of competition to create quality jobs in the labor market will also make an impact on poverty reduction and economic growth, especially when Filipinos will be given more satisfying opportunities in their motherland than in other states.

CORONA, JOWEE FAITH G. BSA 2-6 “To a large extent, sustainable progress is in the hands of the poor countries themselves.” (Birdsall et. al, 2013) In conclusion, underdeveloped countries are impoverished not because they lack the means to flourish. Due to the lack of well-established policies intended to secure the nation’s resources, labor, and other innate freedom they are entitled to as a citizen who belongs in a society, especially in the Philippines, development is only feasible if and only if leaders are able to prioritize growth through consideration of internal conflicts consisting of inefficient systems before anything else.

CORONA, JOWEE FAITH G. BSA 2-6 REFERENCES FocusEconomics. (2014, January 02). Philippines Economy - GDP, Inflation, CPI and Interest Rate. Retrieved November 23, 2020, from https://www.focuseconomics.com/countries/philippines Kwatiah, N. (2016, March 02). Underdeveloped Countries: Meaning and Classification of Definitions. Retrieved November 16, 2020, from https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/underdeveloped-countries/underdevelopedcountries-meaning-and-classification-of-definitions/18975 Philippines Economic Update October 2019. (n.d.). Retrieved November 18, 2020, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/philippines/publication/philippines-economicupdate-october-2019-edition Philippines. (n.d.). Retrieved November 23, 2020, from https://www.cofacecentraleurope.com/Economic-analysis/Philippines...