Critical Race Theory Study Doc PDF

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Critical Race Theory Study Doc Key Terms (and their source material) Anachronistic space: - Bodies of colour frozen in time and space usually perpetuating stereotypes (class) “Black Skin, White Masks”: - White masks are removable and black skin isn't. Fanon has lived a life that was not lived by most black people, he had to mimic the white man to live and succeed the way he has and did. (Class) Classical Colonialism: - To take advantage of resources that will benefit the metropole. Confrontation with indigenes: the object is to exploit not only natural resources but also human resources. Native inhabitants represent a cheap labor source that can be harnessed to produce goods and extract materials for export to the metropole. They also serve as consumers, expanding the market for goods produced by the metropole and its other colonies. Goods and raw materials, like colonists, follow a circular path in classic colonialism.(“Settler Colonialism as Structure…” - Evelyn N. Gelnn) Color-blind Racism: - Blaming cultural differences between groups of people instead of acknowledging racism when racial oppression occurs in the post-civil rights era. Hiding behind the idea that institutional racism and racial privilege are irrelevant to injustices people experience and justifying it with cultural diff.

Commodity Racism: - Products selling racist ideas, fetishizing products that were tied to whiteness and “civility”. Example of pear soap. Whiteness presented as clean and ideal. Pear soap is sold to "whiten" the darker skinned people. Victorian forms of advertising selling the image of "white male hygiene". Selling whiteness, capitalism, consumerism, whiteness tied to hygiene and purity, selling whiteness to black people. Imperialism imposed, McClintock Commodity Fetishism: (from Mar) to show relation between material object and its symbolic value (e.g. Yeezy’s shoe example from class). Decolonization: - Is the process of dismantling the settler state for indigenous sovereignty. (selfunderstanding) Degeneracy: - A collective superiority complex justifying the domination of racialized groups because they are viewed as degenerates. (self-understanding)

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Think of vice doc, male leader. Claims to be worse than Trump

Discourse: - “a discourse is a group of statements which provide a language for talking about je. A way of representing a particular kind of knowledge about a topic” (Hall 86). - Foquaux: Often oppressors have power over this definition so they stay in power, consider false science “Disposability of Black Bodies”: - The normalization of disposing of black bodies and the exclusion of black people. In Get Out the cops who don’t take Chris’ disappearance seriously, or the encounter with the police officer in the start of the film. In the prison industrial complex, the disproportionate amount of black people incarcerated to white people. Black people are sentenced longer for the same crime as white people. Double consciousness: - Being aware of your body and being aware of your body in the eyes of others. Psychological nature of seeing yourself in your own eyes and then seeing yourself in the racist white society. (Class)2 - Think of the sunen place in Get Out film from class - Fanon’s quote where he feels the double consciousness “The real world challenged my claims. In the white world the man of color encounters difficulties in the development of his bodily schema.” (Could be wrong quote from the text. do correct if it is, so whoever can erase and replace)

Eurocentrism: - “is a form of…thinking which permeates and structures contemporary practices and representations even after the formal end of colonialism.” (Shohat & Stam 2) - deeply imbedded in dominant discourses at multiple levels, and is the ‘normal’ consensus view of history that most people learn though official and unofficial education (Shohat & Stam 4) - A way of thinking/living that centers European culture, life, and society as contemporary, proper, and acceptable. The world and human history explained through European perspective that justifies and promotes colonialism and institutional racism. Imperialist nostalgia: - Longing for the imperialist past. Example - White Nationalism, anxieties of mysogination. (Class) Intersectionality: - Coined by Kimberle Crenshaw in 1989. A framework for conceptualizing a person, group of people, or social problem as affected by a number of discriminations and disadvantages. ("Mapping the margins: Identity politics…” (Kimberlé Crenshaw)

Model Minority Subject: - The idea that someone within a minority has to do more than average of the majority to be considered average or passable. Ex. Fanon working harder than many others and being accepted by his peers or the doctor in the plane example from class. - “I knew, for instance, that if the physician made a mistake it would be the end of him and of all those who came after him. What could one expect, after all, from a Negro physician? As long as everything went well, he was praised to the skies, but look out, no nonsense, under any conditions! The black physician can never be sure how close he is to disgrace. I tell you, I was walled in: No exception was made for my refined manners, or my knowledge of literature, or my understanding of the quantum theory” (Fanon 117). Neocolonialism:  “a conjecture in which direct political and military control has given way to abstract, semi-indirect, largely economic forms of control whose linchpin is a close alliance between foreign capital and the indigenous elite.” (Shohat & Stam, 17)  it is a set of processes, laws, and socio-cultural interactions that are ongoing and pervasive (Class slides) New Racism: Ontology: - the nature of being often in relation to something else. For Fanon the nature of being black in nature of the white man. (Class also his reading/Fanon’s work) Panoptical Time: - Being blind of other cultures and generalizing other cultures and all people in the culture (class) - How discourse forms and provides the views of one privileged perspective of history, peoples, cultures, etc. (class) - “The image of global history consumed – at a glance – in a single spectacle from a point of privileged invisibility” (Ann McClintock) Psychic violence: - “My body was given back to me sprawled out, distorted, recolored, clad in mourning in that white winter day.” (Frantz Fanon) - Fractured identity? Racialization: - Act of categorizing a certain group based on characterizations from the perspective of a dominant group. (Class) Scientific Racism: - Scientific racism is the use of scientific techniques and hypotheses to sanction the belief in white superiority, or racism - Ex from Somerville Reading - As late as 1921, medical journals have contained articles declaring that "a physical examination of [female homosexuals] will in practically every instance

disclose an abnormally prominent clitoris." Significantly, this author added, "This is particularly so in colored women… In constructing these oppositions, these characterizations literalized the sexual and racial ideologies of the nineteenthcentury "Cult of True Womanhood," which explicitly privileged white women's sexual "purity," while it implicitly suggested African-American women's sexual accessibility” Settler Colonialism: - To acquire land so that colonists can settle permanently and form new communities. Confrontation with indigenes: to acquire land and to gain control of resources. The first thing that must be done is to eliminate the indigenous occupants of the land in a variety of ways: genocide, forced removal from territories desired by white settlers, and confinement to reservations outside the boundaries of white settlement. Also through assimilation: can be biological (e.g., intermarriage to “dilute” indigenous blood) and/or cultural (e.g., by stripping indigenes of their culture and replacing it with settler culture). Second thing is to secure the land for settlers. Imposing a modernist property regime that trans- forms land and resources (sometimes including people) into “things” that can be owned. By mapping and marking boundaries to delimit an object that is to be owned, a system for recording ownership, and legal rules for ownership and sale of objects defined as property. (“Settler Colonialism as Structure…” - Evelyn N. Gelnn) - 3 main characteristics: settlers come to stay, structure not an event, and eliminate all that oppose settler’s sovereignty. (slides) - Settler colonialism is a distinct type of colonialism that functions through the replacement of indigenous populations with an invasive settler society that, over time, develops a distinctive identity and sovereignty. (Lecture Slides) Social Hygiene: White Gaze(Male gaze): White Privilege: “I have come to see white privilege as an invisible package of unearned assets that I can count on cashing in each day, but about which I was “meant” to remain oblivious. White privilege is like an invisible weightless knapsack of special provisions, maps, passports, codebooks, visas, clothes, tools and blank checks” ("White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack" and "Some Notes for Facilitators" - Peggy McIntosh) Goes on to list a few everyday examples of white privilege she has experienced such as -

I can if I wish arrange to be in the company of people of my race most of the time. I can be pretty sure that my neighbors in such a location will be neutral or pleasant to me. I can be pretty sure that if I ask to talk to “the person in charge,” I will be facing a person of my race. I can be sure that if I need legal or medical help, my race will not work against me

Movie Summaries and Key Points “Persepolis” Orientalism, Marja’s journey from Syria to France and the struggles she faced as a women “Get Out” White gaze is how everyone sees Chris. His body is an object for physical use (golf, running, sex, commodity, eyes). Who he is, is defined by his power as a developed black man. They try to relate to him through his black-ness. Is he anything other than his black-ness contrasted to their white-ness. The cop in the film represents the state sanctioned disposability of black bodies. Normalizing the disposing and the acceptance of the exclusion of black bodies when the police laughed at the idea of Chris being kidnapped. What is imperialist nostalgia in the film? ● Where people mourn the passing of themselves have transformed ● Re-enacting and Re-enslaving black people How is the presence of the other ● Black culture and black bodies, add 'spice' to white culture ● Fetishizing the black body ● Commodity of the black body ● In the article it describes as a 'spice' ● To serve the white man's desire ● Primitiveness - dehumanizing them

Topics and Readings Notes, Summaries and Key Points (add quotes): Abu‐Lughod, L. - “Do Muslim women really need saving?” -

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The author's main arguments it the concept of saving Muslim women creates this idea that Muslim men are completely alien to us, or seen as “the other”. The way that Islam is portrayed makes it seem opposed to us. The author argues that by othering Muslim men through the need to save Muslim women, it gives a negative stereotype to all of Islam, which reinforces islamophobia. The idea that Muslim women need saving give Muslim men an uncivilized stereotype, creating this image of Muslim men as the enemy. She writes that we need to consider the fact that Muslim women might not want “what we want for them”, and that we need to respect the difference. The author explains how this negative image of Islam causes the West to resort to cultural or religious explanations for the oppression of women, rather than looking at political reasons. This all contributes to the fear of Islam in the west. The othering of Islam through the oppression of women also obscures any atrocities that the west has committed. The author writes that western women are perceived as, “lacking community, cut off from family, vulnerable to sexual violence, driven by selfishness or individual success, subject to capitalist pressures, and strangely disrespectful of others and God.” (46) by seeing Islam as opposed to the West, the West becomes blind to the oppression of women in America, making the West seem Superior to Islam. It creates the image that Muslim women are not living their lives properly, and American women are.

Cheng, Anne Anlin. - “The Melancholy of Race.” Combahee River Collective. - “A Black Feminist Statement” Crenshaw, Kimberlé. - "Mapping the margins: Identity politics, intersectionality, and violence against women." Fanon, Frantz. - “The Fact of Blackness.” -

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Written in 1952 by Frantz Fanon. Psychoanalytic, philosophical, literary, and political analysis of the deep effects of racism and colonialism on the experiences, lives, minds, and black people and…Exploring how white society and how society shaped by whiteness affects blackness to become white. How it affects white subjectivity. Requirements of needing to be 'more white' to be taken seriously undermines the black person and their identity. How does the brain recognize racism exerts so much force on a person of color when race is a fiction? Talks about the mental processes of the black man (himself), Rationalize his blackness in the face of white people. And the humanization of himself. The concept of 'being one of them' was a "fantasy" (Class).

Ferber, Abby L. - "The construction of Black masculinity: White supremacy now and then." Gilmore, Scott - “Canada’s Race Problem? It’s Even Worse than America’s.” - According to the Social Progress Index: Canada is the 2nd most tolerant and inclusive country. Canada isn't the far ahead than America: (Terry Glavin). America's Afroamerican treatment compared to Canada's First Nations treatment, the idea to judge a society by how it treats its most disadvantaged peoples. In almost every way the indigenous Canadians are treated worse and their lives are dealt with much worse than afro-americans. "49% of First Nations members live on remote reserves.” Less than 40k live in Toronto, "not even 1% of the total pop of the GTA.” Overall Canada has a race problem and it isn't voiced out loud as it should be. Who to blame? How can we fix an issue that has so many players in it? Hall, Stuart. - “The West and the Rest: Discourse and Power.” Hooks, Bell - “Eating the Other: Desire and Resistance.” "Commodity culture in the united states exploits conventional thinking about, race, gender, and sexual desire by "working" both the idea that racial difference make one as Other and the assumption that sexual agency expressed within the context of racialized sexual encounter is a cinversion experience that alters one's place and participation in contemparary cultural politics" Bell Hooks How white man constust women of colour as a way of diversitise their experience

Lawrence, Bonita and Dua, Enakshi. - “Decolonizing antiracism.” McClintock, Anne. - Excerpt from “Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest.” (21-48) McClintock, Anne. - “Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Conquest.” (207-223) McIntosh, Peggy. – “White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack.” Peggy begins her essay by expressing the over-privileged advantage men have. She continues by explaining that men acknowledge the disadvantage women face, yet refuse to admit that men gain an advantage from this disadvantage women have. By ignoring the reality of male privilege, it is preventing it from ending. “Whites are carefully taught not to recognize white privilege as males are taught not to recognize male privilege”. The author questioned white privilege and whether or not it is “similarly denied and protected”. McIntosh then created a list of twenty-six day-to-day things she believed was an advantage as a result of the colour of her skin. She used the metaphor “Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack”. Things white people would not think twice about, a privilege they were unaware and/or ignorant towards. The writer believes the word “privilege” is “miss leading” and describes it as “unearned entitlement/advantage”. She understands systematic change takes years but believes we have a choice; to be daily consciousness or to use the unearned advantage.

Mohanty, C.T. - “Under Western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses.” Nakano Glenn, Evelyn. - “Settler Colonialism as Structure: A Framework for Comparative Studies of U.S. Race and Gender Formation.” Omi, Michael & Howard Winant - “Racial Formations.” In Racial Formation in the United States.” Intro: girl born from black slave and white planter requests the court to change her race from black to white, she loses · What is race? People have used religion, science and the idea that it is a social construct to understand the concept of race · Race as a social concept: “In the nineteenth century Max Weber discounted biological explanations for racial conflict and instead highlighted the social and political factors which engendered such conflict”. · "Hypo-descent" means affiliation with the subordinate rather than the superordinate group in order to avoid the ambiguity of intermediate identity · race is the central axis of social relations · racial ideology and racial identity: Of course, particular meanings, stereotypes and myths can change, but the presence of a system of racial meanings and stereotypes, of racial ideology, seems to be a permanent feature of US culture. · We believe that race is “rooted in nature”, therefore, “we mask the historical construction of racial categories, the shifting meaning of race, and the crucial role of politics and ideology in shaping race relations. Races do not emerge full-blown. They are the results of diverse historical practices and are continually subject to challenge over their definition and meaning”. · Racialization: the historical development of race: “In our view it is crucial to break with these habits of thought. The effort must be made to understand race as an unstable and “decentered" complex of social meanings constantly being transformed by political struggle”

Puar, Jasbir K. and Amit S. Rai. - “Monster, Terrorist, Fag: The War on Terrorism and the Production of Docile Patriots.” Said, Edward. - “Introduction.” (In Orientalism) -

The important term to remember from this paper is Orientalism. Orientalism refers to the western (occident) gaze, imaginings, fantasies and invention of the east (not necessarily a place but rather an idea) Orientalism can be described as how the East is viewed through the opinion of the West. it is a western way of dominating the east. Said shows that in order for the west to understand itself as superior or powerful in terms of its knowledge, its political systems, its social and cultural systems (medicine, education, etc.) or for the west to be able to construct itself as modern, developed, progressive, advanced, it has to

create a fantasy that the East is primitive, premodern, subservient, weak the east is gendered female.

Sharpe, Christina. - “Chapter One: The Wake.” Shohat, Ella & Robert Stam - “Introduction” & “From Eurocentrism to Polycentrism.” Smith, Andrea. - “Heteropatriarchy and the Three Pillars of White Supremacy: Rethinking Women of Color Organizing.” o Slavery renders black ppl as property; slavery as anchor of capitalismcommodifies workers, dependant on the exploitation of labour o Genocide/Colonialism - INDG ppl must disappear from the land in order for white ppl to rightfully claim it Orientalism/War - Orientalism as anchor of war as it depicts East as threat to West-

Solomos, J, & Back, L. - “Race, racism and popular culture.” Somerville, Siobhan. - “Scientific Racism and the Emergence of the Homosexual Body. - Scientist tried to proove a difference between a heterosexual body and a homosexual body, the same way they did race. Through scientific racism, consider discourse when thinking of this.

Ignore table below for now (old format of definitions to be filled up after all have been agreed upon to be then printed out for ease) Term

Definition

Source

Racialization