CS 1104 Unit-5 Programming Assignment PDF

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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE Processing and Interdependencies of the Following Components of Computer Architecture: ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), Instruction Decoder, Clock and Programmer Counter, Control Codes, Control Unit.

Richard Laya

Abstract This paper talks about the relationship that exist between the components of Computer Architecture and how they effect desired computations. Computer architectures represent the means of interconnectivity for a computer's hardware components as well as the mode of data transfer and processing exhibited. It provides an instructive overview of how basic computer elements and components which include the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), the Instruction Decoder, the Clock and Program Counter, the Control Codes and the Control Unit rely on each other to make computing and manipulation of data possible. Keywords: Control Codes, Control Unit, ALU, Instruction Decoder.

The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a digital circuit within the processor that performs integer arithmetic and bitwise logic operations. The inputs to the ALU are the data words to be operated on (called operands), status information from previous operations, and a code from the control unit indicating which operation to perform. The ALU is composed of basic circuits namely Adder, Subtractor, bitwise and circuit and bitwise OR circuit. The ALU depends on the Instruction Decoder to carry out its functions. Depending on the instruction being executed, the operands may come from internal CPU registers or external memory, or they may be constants generated by the ALU itself. When all input signals have settled and propagated through the ALU circuitry, the result of the performed operation appears at the ALU's outputs. An Arithmetic Logic Unit is a combinational logic circuit, which implies that its outputs will change asynchronously in response to input changes. In normal operation, stable signals are applied to all of the ALU inputs and, when enough time (known as the "propagation delay") has passed for the signals to propagate through the ALU circuitry, the result of the ALU operation appears at the ALU outputs. The input of the ALU is the raw binary data decoded by Instruction Decoder, i.e. it takes in 0s and 1s to carry out its functions. The Instruction Decoder The instruction decoder reads the instructions from the memory and routes that information to the components that need to handle the information. It reads the next instruction from memory, and sends the respective component pieces of the instruction to the necessary destinations. For every machine-language instruction, the control unit produces a sequence of pulses on each control signal line that is required to implement that instruction (to fetch the next instructions). All instructions need to be translated into binary (0/1) and that’s the instruction decoder’s purpose.

Clock and Programmer Counter

A program counter is a register in a computer processor that contains the address (location) of the instruction being executed at the current time. The control unit applies pulses on the signals that tells the other parts of the CPU how to handle the information and process it. The pulses are timed by the clock speed, which is the clock and program counter component. The Clock is as it sounds, it sends signals and synchronizes signals. The clock speed states the number of pulses per section that need to be generated by the oscillator. In true sense, the clock is like a trigger that distributes pulses to the whole CPU to update their states. Its toggling from 1 to 0 causes other circuits in its vicinity (wired directly or indirectly) to change their values. Control Codes CPU is the Control Codes. These are not logic gates or circuits, rather they are data themselves. Control codes (Control Signals) are generated by a control circuit where the signals will direct the execution sequence. The control circuits control the design operation of the entire circuit, and are determined by the instruction. Control Unit The control unit is the brain behind deciding whether to write or read data in memory locations. It is a simple logic gate which when it is 1, then the CPU intends to read data from memory and when it is 0, the CPU intends to write data to memory. The registers and depend on this if they are to keep or discard data. The ALU uses this to signal the registers that it wants to keep or read data. The Control Unit directs operation of the processor. It tells the computer’s memory, arithmetic/logic unit, input and output devices how to respond to a program’s instructions. References Eck, D. J. (2018, December). Javanotes 8.1, section 1.1 -- the fetch and Execute CYCLE: Machine language. Retrieved March 01, 2021, from http://math.hws.edu/javanotes/c1/s1.html Nisan, N., & Schocken, S. (2005). The elements of computing systems. MIT Press. Retrieved from http://f.javier.io/rep/books/The%20Elements%20of%20Computing%20Systems.pdf Tarnoff, D. (2007). Computer organization and design fundamentals. Retrieved from http://faculty.etsu.edu/tarnoff/138292/ UoPeople Computer Architecture. (n.d). University of the People. Retrieved fromhttps://my.uopeople.edu/mod/resource/view.php?id=165703...