Cyclical Models of Curriculum Development PDF

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Cyclical Models of Curriculum Development. Cyclical models of curriculum development. Cyclical models it prescribes a cyclical or continuous process of curriculum development. Cyclical models usually start with situational analysis that serves as the basis for all the succeeding process. 1. Wheeler’s Curriculum Development Model (1967)) in his book “Curriculum Process”presented a cyclical process in which each element of the curriculum is related and interdependent. Although this model is rational in nature each phase is a logical development of the preceding one which one cannot proceed to the next phase unless the preceding phase is done. Wheeler also emphasized the importance of starting from the development of aims, goals, and objectives. 2. Nicholls and Nicholls Model for Curriculum Development (Audrey and Howard Nicholls, 1978) This model emphasis the cyclical nature of curriculum development where it is a continuous process. The model prescribes five logical and interdependent stages that are continuous curriculum development process and the model starts with a situational analysis in which curricular decisions are followed by the selection of objectives and the other succeeding phases.

Wheeler’s Model of Curriculum Development. The Wheeler model of curriculum development (1967), or cyclic model, asserts that curriculum should be a continuous cycle which is responsive to changes in the education sector and makes appropriate adjustments to account for these changes. It focuses on situational analysis: the context in which the curriculum decisions are taken is considered important, as this is believed to help make the most effective decisions. This model is comprised of five interconnected stages: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Aims, goals and objectives Selection of learning experiences Selection of content Organization and integration of learning experiences and content 5. Evaluation

Selection of learning expriences

Aims,goals and objectives

Aims, goals and Objectives. Aims covers all the experiences provided in the curriculum. Goals are tied to specific subjects or group of content with in the curriculum; while objectives describe more specific outcomes as a result of lesson or instructions delivered at a classroom.

Selection of contents

Evaluation

Organization and integration of learning expriences and content

Learning Experiences.

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Cyclical Models of Curriculum Development. Learning experiences is an activity which the learners engage in which the result in his behavior. Content. Content is what we teach. It must be related to validity, significance, utility, interest and learnability. Evaluation. The former has clear objectives and aligned assessment strategies designed to test how well students have achieved the learning outcomes. Wheeler model sets the school objectives as final steps in as well as the first. Advantages of Wheeler Model. Wheeler model present the curriculum design process as      

Continuing activity. Incorporates new information in to the curriculum. Views curriculum elements as interrelated and interdependent. Has feedback mechanism. Emphasize on situational analysis. Evaluate at a stage where its findings are feedback into the objectives.

Disadvantages of Wheeler Model. Wheeler model has received criticisms.    

It is time consuming. It is difficult to locate. It is not different from objective model. It seems to lack of procedure between organizing and integrating learning experiences, content and evaluation.

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Cyclical Models of Curriculum Development. Nicholls And Nicholls -1972 Model Audrey and Howard Nicholls, his book "Developing a Curriculum Practical Guide"(1978) devised a straight forward cyclical approach that covered the elements of curriculum briefly but succinctly.    

This model is like a map for particular teaching and learning process. It is a cyclical model (rational Model and Dynamic model in middle of it this model stands. It is logical sequential model Elements of curriculum are interdependent in this model

Steps: 1. Situational analysis 2. Selections of Objectives 3. Selection and Organization of Content 4. Selection and Organization of Learning Experiences 5. Evaluation Situational Analysis. This step include knowledge about the environment where the curriculum is going to be implemented, the social structure of that society, the traditions and needs of the community. Selection of Objectives. 1. Objectives should be realistic. 2. Scope of objective should be broad. 3. Objectives should be clear and useful. 4. Objective should develop both kind of behavior i.e. expected and content 5. Objective should enable students to perform skills. Selection and Organization of Content. When objectives are selected it is easy to go for the selection of content. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Content must be in sequence. Content must be valid and reliable Content must fulfil the needs of society Content must be easy to difficult Content must be according to the mental level of students Content must be age equivalent

When the content is selected it must be organized. Page 3 of 4

Cyclical Models of Curriculum Development. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Sequential order Simple to complex Easy to difficult Known to unknown Immediate to remote

Selection and Organization of Learning Experiences 1. It provides students opportunity for self-activity so that transfer knowledge gained and skill acquired. 2. It provides students opportunity of independent thinking and decision making. 3. It should be adapted according to the needs of students so that they obtain satisfaction. 4. It should be arranged in manners that provide continuity and correlation. 5. It should be effective, interesting and useful for the students. When the learning experiences are selected it should be organized. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Introduction, opener, orientation Development, analysis, study Generalization Application, summary Rhythm of learning activities

Evaluation Different methods and approaches of evaluation are used to check the progress of students. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Test Quiz Presentation Viva

Advantages 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

In this situation as it means that educators can Continually come back to their work and make changes, rather Then go back to the beginning and start again every time there It Is even the smallest of changes needed to the curriculum. Logical sequential organization Situational Analysis is in first step It is a Flexible model

Disadvantages 1. Time Consuming, as situational analysis is long time process 2. Difficult to maintain logical sequential analysis.

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