Deccan Policy OF Aurangzeb PDF

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Deccan Policy OF Aurangzeb...

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DECCAN POLI CY OF AURANGZEB Aur angz eb' sdecanpol i cywasi nfluencedbypol i t i calaswe l las r e l i gi ous consi der at i ons. One of Aur angz eb' s goal s was t o expand t heempi r e ,whi ch wasal sooneofhi sobj ec t i ves.I ti s wi del ybel i ev ed t hatt heext i nct i on oft hes t at esofBi j apurand Gol kundawasapr er equi si t et ot heanni hi l at i onoft heMar at ha supr emacy i n t he Deccan r egi on. Asi de f r om t hi s pol i t i cal mot i vat i on,he wi shed t o acqui r et hese t er r i t or i es si nce t he r ul er s of t hese count r i es wer e Shi as. Be cause of t hi s, Aur angze b was not pl eased wi t h t hei r accept ance of hi s sov er ei gnt y;i nst ead,hei nt ended t ohavet hem becomepar tof t heMoghulempi r e .

ConquestofBi j apur( 1686) Bi j apurwasr ul e dbySi kandarAdi lShah,whowasbor ni nt he ci t y .Hi syout h wasas our ceofvul ner abi l i t yf orhi m.I n 1682, an expedi t i on commanded by Pr i nce Azam was di s pat ched agai ns thi m,butt hemi ssi on wasaf ai l ur e,andt hepr i ncewas summoned bac k.I tt ook Aur angzeb t woyear st ocompl e t ehi s campai gn agai nstt heMar at hasand Pr i nceAkbar .Ther ul e rof Bi j apurt ook useoft hi smomentt or eor gani sehi sar my wi t h t heass i st anc eofShar zaKhan,hi smi ni st er ,whowaspr ese nt att he t i me.Aur angzeb demanded Shar z a Khan' se xpul si on f r om hi sposi t i on.Asar esul toft hef ai l ur et ocompl ywi t h hi s i nst r uct i ons, he per sonal l y went up agai ns tt he Ki ng and be si egedt heci t yofBi j apuri n Apr i l1685.Thef or t i ficat i onsof t he c i t y wer ebr eac hed,al l owi ng t heci t yt o beat t acked.I ti s

t r uet hatt hegar r i son f oughtval i ant l y ,and t hatt heMar at has al so at t empt ed t o assi stt he peopl e ofBi j apur ,butt he Si e ge coul d notbes us t ai ned f orv er yl ong.I n Sept ember1686,t he ci t y of Bi j apur was des t r oy ed. Si kandar Adi l Shah was appr ehendedandt akenasapr i sonerofwar .I n1686,hi sr eal m was sei z ed by t he Mughal s,and he hi mse l fwas dr af t ed i nt o t hei rs er vi ce.Hewaspr omot ed t ot her ank ofMansabdarand gi venapensi onofRs .Onel akh.Hi si mpr i sonmentatt hef or tof Daul t at abad,wher e he di e di n 1700,was t he finals t r aw f or hi m.

ConquestofGol conda( 1687)

AbdulHasanwast her ul erofGol c ondaandhewasnoti n t hegood booksofAur angz eb.Thesour ceofAur angz eb' sange r was not onl yt he Shi af ai t h of t he emper or but al so t he empl oymentofHi ndus i n hi s Ki ngdom.I ti s known t hatt he Sul t an ofGol c onda openl ys entt r oops t o ai d hi s br ot heri n di s t r ess dur i ng t he Mughali nvasi ons ofBi j apuri n 166566, underDi l i rKhan i n1679,andunderPr i nceMuhammadAzam i n 1686.Thefir stt wowr ongswer er ec t i fiedbyt hepaymentof t r i but e . The t hi r d wr ong was r ec t i fied by t he payment of t r i but e .TheSul t an ofGol condahad al soass i st edShi vaj iwi t h t hesi newsofwardur i nghi sfli ghtf r om Agr ai n 1666,al l owi ng Shi vaj it or e t ake hi sf or t sf r om t he Mughal s and r ec l ai m hi s l ands.Heal so we l comed Shi vaj ion hi svi si tt o Hyder abad i n 1677andbe havedl i keahumbl esubor di nat eofMar at haKi ng,

pl aci ng a nec kl ac e ofdi amonds r ound hi s hor se ' s nec k and gi vi ng hi m i n annual subsi dy of one l ac of Huns f or t he pr ot ec t i onofhi sr egi on.MadannaandAkkanna,t woBr ahmi ns, wer e appoi nt ed as hi s Chi e f Mi ni st er s. Aur angz e b hi mse l f ar t i cul at ed t he or i gi ns oft he war i nt hes e wor ds' .The bad cr i mes of t hi s wi cked guy passed beyond t he confines of wr i t i ng,butbys t at i ngoneoutofahundr edand al i t t l eoutof much,Some concept i on oft hem may be cr eat e d.Fi r stand f or emost ,hehaspl acedt her ei nsofaut hor i t yandgover nment i nt hehandsofvi l et yr anni cali nfide l s;hehasoppr esse d and affli c t ed t he Sai yi ds,Shai khs,and ot her hol y men;he has openl y i ndul ged i n excessi ve de bacc her y and depr avi t y , i ndul gi ng i n dr unkenness and wi ckedness ni ghtand day;he hasmadenodi st i nct i onbe t weeni nfide l i t yandI sl am,t yr annyA number ofl et t er s wi t h ki nd advi ce and war ni ngs on t hese subj ec t s had been wr i t t e n and se nt by t he hands of unassumi ng gent l emen on a r egul ar basi s.No at t ent i on has bee n pai dt ot hem;nev er t hel ess ,i thad l at el y becomeknown t hat a l ac ofpagodas had been des pat c hed t ot he wi c ked Samba.Ther ewasnoconsi der at i onf ort hei nf amyofhi scr i mes orpr ospectofsal vat i on i nt hi swor l d ort henext ,becausehe wasl osti nhi si nsol enceandi nt oxi cat i onandwor t hl essness. " Theconfli ctbet ween Gol condaandt heMughal sst r e t c hed on f ora l ong t i mebe f or ebei ngfinal l yr esol v ed.I nt heend,i t was Aur angz eb hi mse l fwho l anded atGol conda i n Januar y 1687and i nt ensi fiedt hesi ege .Bot h mi ni ngand assaul t swer e unsucc es sf ul .Then,vi at he t r eacher y ofone oft he gar r i son commander s,whounl ockedag at e,Aur angze bwasabl et ogai n

admi ssi on t ot he ci t yt hr ough br i bery .AbulHasan has been appr ehendedandt akeni nt oc us t ody .I nSept emberof1687,hi s ki ngdom wassei z edbyt heUni t e dKi ngdom. Thi si s how t he f al lofGol conda has bee n descr i bed: " Bef or e dawn,t he i mper i alf or ce s at t acked t he ci t y ,and t he sceneofpl underanddes t r uct i ont hatf ol l owedwasdr eadf ul ;f or i n ever ypar toft hec i t y ,on ev er yr oad,and i n ev er ymar ke t , t her ewer et housandsupon t housandsofmoneyr el at e di t ems, car pe t s,hor ses,ande l ephant s,al lbe l ongi ngt oAbulHasanand hi s nobl es. "Ther e ar e no wor ds t o expr ess ( as Khafi Khan wr i t es)" t henumberofwomenandc hi l dr enofMussal mansand Hi ndus who wer ei mpr i soned,t he numberofwomen ofhi gh and l ow r ankwhower edi shonour ed,t henumberofcar pet sof gr eatval uet hatwer et ooheavyt ocar ryt hatwer ecutt opi ec es wi t hswor dsanddagge r s,andever ybi twasf oughtf or . "

I ti s al so appr opr i at et o ment i on t he br aver y ofAbdur Raz zak, one of Abul Hasan' s most capabl e offic er s, who r emai ned l oyalt ohi smas t ert ot hever yend.Het ur ned down Aur angze b' st empt i ngpr omi se sandf oughtbr av el yi nt hehandt ohandbat t l eatt hegat ewayt i l lhewaski l l edwi t h 70wounds onhi sbodyasar esul tofhi sact i ons.Havi ngbeensost r uc kby hi s br aver y and fide l i t y ,Aur angz eb dec i ded t o appoi ntone of hi ssur geonst ot r eathi m.Thef ol l owi ngi sanar r at i v eofKhafi Khan' sval i antman,ast ol d byhi m." AbdurRaz zak"i sa pen namef orAbdurRaz zak.When Lar ihear dt hi s,hel e aptt ohi s f ee tat opahor sewi t h nos addl e,wi el di ngaswor di n onehand and a Shi et di nt heot her ,and accompani e d bya gr oup of12

f ol l owe r s ,and dashed t ot he open g at et hr ough whi c ht he i mper i alf or ce swer est r eami ngi nt ot hecount r y .Heal one ,l i kea dr opofwat erpour i ngi nt ot heseaoranat on ofdus ts t r uggl i ng i nt her aysoft hesun,l eapti nt ot headvanci ngopponentand f oughtwi t hi nconc ei v abl er ageand des pai r ,scr eami ngt hathe woul dfightt ot hedeat hf orAdulHasan,de spi t et hedi sper salof hi sc ompani ons.Thousandofswor dswer epoi nt e dathi m wi t h eac h st ep het ook,and t henumberofwoundssust ai ned f r om swor ds and spear s wassuc ht hathe wascov er ed i n wounds f r om t hecr ownofhi sheaddownhi sl egst ot het i psofhi sf ee t ' s nai l s.Howev er ,hi st i mehad notye tcome,and hef oughthi s wayt ot heci t adel ' sgat ewi t houtbei ngappr e hende dort akent o j ust i ce .Toat onef orhi scr i me s,heendur ed t wel vewoundst o hi sf ace ,andt heski n ofhi sf or eheadhungdown ov erhi seyes and nose.One ofhi s eyeshad been gr ave l yi nj ur ed,and t he cut son hi sbodyappear ed t obeasmanyast hest ar si nt he sky . Hi s hor se ,t oo, was cover e di n wounds and bucki ng beneat h hi swei ght ,s o hesur r ender ed t her ei nst ot hebeast and f oughtt o mai nt ai n hi s posi t i on wi t h consi der abl e effor t . Thehor set ookhi mt oagar den cal l edNagi na,neart heci t adel , wher ehehur l edhi mse l fofft hesi deofananci entcocoanutt r ee wi t ht heassi st anceoft het r ee;on t hemor ni ngoft hesecond day ,apar t yofmenbe l ongi ngt oHusai niar r i ved.Begwal kedby and,r ecogni si ng hi m by hi s hor se and ot her di st i ngui shi ng char act er i st i cs ,t heyf el tcompassi onf orhi m andcar r i edhi mt o ahouseon abeds pr ead.Hewasbei ngt r eat e df orhi swounds whenhi sownmenbecameawar eofwhatwasgoi ngon.

" Wi t ht he conques tofGol conda and Bi j apur ,Aur angz eb consi der edhi msel ft obet her ul eroft heDeccan, "wr i t esLane Pool e.Howev er ,t hedi r ec ti mpac tofhi se l i mi nat i on oft heonl y power st hat mai nt ai ned or der and any f or m ofes t abl i shed admi ni s t r at i on on t he peni nsul a was t o st r engt hen t he Mar at has'gr i p on power .Themaj or i t y oft hedef eat ed ar mi es i ns t i nct i v el ysi ded wi t ht heMar at hasand acc ept ed t hecal lof t he r oad as t hei r cal l i ng. The l ocal aut hor i t i es posi t i oned t hemse l vesaspe t t ys ov er e i gnsandbac kedt heMar at hasast he par t y most l i kel yt o usher i nag ol den age of pi l l age and cor r upt i on.Thi sr esul t edi nasi gni ficanti ncr easei nSambhaj i ' s and hi s hi ghl ander s' pol i t i cal i nfluence, and t he t e r r i bl e consequenc esoft hi supheavali n Deccan pol i t i cswe r ef el t" f or mor e t han a c ent ur y af t er t hei r di ssol ut i on. " A di r ec t ant ecedent of t he dev ast at i on wr eaked on Del hi by t he Mar at hasdur i ngt her ei gnsofShahAl am andWel l esl eywast he chaost hatengul f edt heDeccandur i ngt hei rr ei gn. " Aur angzebandt heMar at has I ti s suffici ent t ot e l lt hat i n 1663, Aur angzeb des pat ched Shayi st a Khan agai nstShi vaj i ,butt he l at t er was unabl et o r es t r ai n hi m and onl ymanage dt ofleewi t h hi sl i f eaf t ermuch effor t .Lat er on,Pr i nce Muaz zam and Raj a JaiSi ngh wer e di s pat c hed t osabot ageShi vaj i ' scampai gn.I n 1665,JaiSi ngh compe l l edShi v aj it osi gn t heTr eat yofPur andhar ,whi ch ended t heMughalEmpi r e.I n 1666,Shi vaj ipai davi si tt ot heMughal cour ti n Agr a.Despi t et hef actt hathehad been de t ai ned,he manage dt o fle et o hi s headquar t er si nt he Deccan.Pr i nce

Muaz z am and Jaswant Si ngh wer e di s pat ched t ot ake hi m down. Af t er Shi vaj i ' s deat hi n 1680,Aur angz eb cont i nued t he war agai ns tSambhaj iunderhi sown l eader shi p.Lastbutnotl east , t hel at t erwasappr e hended and execut ed.Hi sson,Sahu,was ar r es t e d and i mpr i soned,wher e he r emai ned unt i lt he year 1708. Af t erSambhaj i ' sexecut i oni n1680,t hest r uggl ewascont i nued byRaj aRam,whor ei gnedf r om 1700unt i l1800.Fol l owi nghi s deat h,hi swi dow,Tar aBai ,cont i nuedt hefight ,whi ch shewas succe ss f uli n doi ngso.De spi t ehi sgr eat es teffor t s ,Aur angz eb wasunabl et oputanendt ot heMar at haupr i si ngi nI ndi a.Hi s goalhadbeenat ot alandut t erf ai l ur e.

Dr .K.M.Pani kkar descr i bes Aur angz eb' s fight agai nst t he Mar at hasasa 20yearc haseaf t erhi sown shadow,accor di ng t oDr .K.M.Pani kkar ' sr esear ch.Hemar chedupanddown t he count r y ,at t acki ngandconquer i ngcas t l eaf t erf or t i ficat i on,but t he Mar at ha r esi st ance became st r onger wi t h each passi ng year .I t was a confli c t be t ween t wo count r i es agai nst an adv er sar y .The Mar at ha campai gn became f orNapol eon what t heSpani sh campai gn woul d becomef orhi m:ar ecur r i ngsor e i n whi c h hi ssupr emac yi n pr act i cal l yev er ycal cul abl ee l ement wasr ender ed meani ngl es swhen f aced wi t h a count r y atwar wi t h hi m.Af t era l ongand ar duousst r uggl eagai ns tMar at ha st r onghol ds, whi c h l ast ed mor et han si x year s and was conduct edbyt heEmper orhi mse l f ,Aur angz ebr e t ur nedhomea

br oken and beat en man,and hedi ed.TheMar at hashad not onl ysur vi v ed,butt heywer eal soi n effec t i vecont r olofavas t t er r i t or yand had gai ned wi de spr ead nat i onalr ecogni t i on asa r esul toft hei rvi ct or i ousst r uggl e.

Consequencesoft heDeccanPol i cyofAur angzeb Aur angze b' sDeccan st r at egyhad f ar r eachi ngr ami ficat i onsf or t heki ngdom.Aur angz ebcoul dcl ai mt hatt heDeccan war snot onl yundonehi sowneffor t s,butal sot hoseofhi sf or ef at her s,i n t he same way t hat Napol eon coul dc l ai m t hat " l t was t he Spani sh ul c erwhi c hr ui nedme"Tohav ecapt ur edt hes t at esof Bi j apurandGol condawasabl underont hepar tofAur angz eb' s par tofhi s t ory .I ti st r uet hatt hei rmonar chswer eShi as,but Aur angze b appear st o have puthi sr el i gi ous f er v ourasi de i n or dert of oc uson hi sst at ecr af t .I n anycase,t heacqui s i t i on of Bi j apur and Gol conda effec t i vel yr emoved t he l astr emai ni ng chec kont heMar at has .Tode alwi t ht heMar at hasf r om suc ha f ar awayl ocat i on wasdi fficul tf orAur angz eb t ocompr e hend" as wel las Del hiI t ' sno sur pr i set hatheended up s pendi ng t he r es t of hi sl i f ei n t he Deccan, at t empt i ng t o subdue t he Mar at has.A quar t e r cent ur yofhi sabsencef r om t heNor t hhad caused t he count r y' s admi ni st r at i ve mac hi ner yt of al loutof syncwi t ht her estoft hewor l d.Thepr ovi nci algov er nor sand Fauj dar s we r e de f yi ng t he c ent r alaut hor i t y ,and t her e was not hi ngt hec ent r algov er nmentcoul d dot ost op t he m.I twas dur i ngt hi st i meper i odt hatt heJat sandSi khaswe r egi vent he oppor t uni t yt oenhancet hei rposi t i ons.

As a r esul toft he I mpe r i alsol di er s'act i ons,par t i cul ar l yt he sev er alsi ege s,f or es t sand gr assl andswer ecompl e t el ydepl et ed of nut r i ent s . The massi ve Mughal ar my , whi c h number ed 177, 000 pe opl ei n al l ,i ncl udi ng noncombat ant s, dev our ed ev er yt hi ng gr ee n.The Mar at ha at t acker s des t r oye d anyt hi ng t hey wer e unabl et ot r ans por t .Agr i c ul t ur e was har med as a r esul toft heover al ldef or es t at i on.Theaver ageman' sabi l i t yt o r esi s twasdi mi ni shed asar esul toft hepr ol onge d dur at i on of t hewar .Al mos tever yt hi ngt he ypr oduce d and had i n st or age was washed away by mobs on bot h si des.As a r esul t ,when f ami neordr oughts t r uck,t hepeasant sandl andl es sl abour er s per i shedmi ser abl yi nt hei rt housandsl i kefil ef ol der s. Bhi msen, a pr omi nent hi st or i an of Aur angz eb, makes t he f ol l owi ng s t at ement about t he Deccan: Al l gov er nanc e has vani shed - t he r eal m has been devas t at ed,no one r ec ei ves j ust i ce ,and t hey have been compl et e l y des t r oye d.The r yot s haveabandonedagr i c ul t ur e,and t hej agi r dar sdonotr ec ei v ea si ngl e coi nf r om t he fiel s .Many mansabdar si nt he Dec can, who wer e f ami shed and penni l es s, had def ect ed t o t he Mar at hast o se ek t hei rf or t une" . . . . .Theeconomi cposi t i on of t he Mughale mpi r e had det er i or at ed t ot he poi ntwher et he empi r e was on t he ver ge ofgoi ng bankr upt .Fort hr eeyear s, hundr edsofsol di er sande ven officer swer eunabl et opayt hei r bi l l s .TheEmper or ' scour twasenl i vened by t heant i csoft he hungry sol di er s.Des pi t et he f actt hatt he gover nmentmade r ash pr omi sesofmoneyawar ds,i twasi mpossi bl ef ort hem t o bef ul fil l edonahumanscal e.

Aur angze bl avi shed l avi sh sums of money on br i bi ng t he Mar at haoffici al si n char geoft hehi l l f or t sunderhi scont r ol .I n or dert oaccommodat eal loft hedemands,t heMughalTr easur y wasunabl et odoso.

The spi r i t of t he Mughal ar my i n t he Deccan has been shat t er edt oi t sver ycor e.Sol di er sgott i r edoft henever endi ng and ul t i mat e l ypoi nt l essfight .Even t hemosthar denedofficer s ofAur angz e b wer ef or ced t or e t ur n home i l l .One oft hes e nobl emenoffer e dt heEmpe r orabr i beofRs.1l akhi nexc hange f orr e l ocat i nghi mt ot hecapi t alci t yofDel hi .

Si rJadunat h Sar karmadet hef ol l owi ng s t at eme ntaboutt he consequenc esoft heDeccan War s ,whi ch you may r ead her e . Al t hough Aur angz e b appear ed t o have got t en ev er yt hi ng,i n r eal i t yever yt hi nghadbeenl ost .Thedar kes tandmos thope l ess chapt erofhi sl i f ehasnow bee n wr i t t en i n hi sown wor ds.The MughalEmpi r ehad becomet ooenor moust obeadmi ni st er ed byasi ngl ei ndi vi dualorf r om asi ngl el ocat i on.Hi sadver sar i e s r ose up f r om e ver y di r ec t i on;he coul d de f eatt hem,butnot compl et el yel i mi nat et hem. 'I n manysect i onsofNor t her n and Cent r all ndi a,l awl es snesswast heor deroft heday .Thef or mer Emper ori nt hef or egr oundoft heDeccan l ostal li nfluenc eover hi soffic er si n Hi ndus t an dur i ngt her ei gn oft henew Emper or . Chr oni c di sor der was pr eval entt hr oughoutt he c ount r y ,but par t i cul ar l y i n t he st at e of Agr a. When t he i mper i al sponsor shi p was wi t hdr awn, ar t and l ear ni ng began t o

de t er i or at e;nota si ngl emaj est i cedi fice ,we l lwr i t t en book,or exqui si t e pai nt i ng survi ves t o mar k Aur angz eb' sr ei gn. Hi s moneywasdr ai nedbyt henev er endi ngconfli cti nt heDec can. Napol eon used t o say ," I t was t he Spani ar d' s ul cer t hat de st r oyed my l i f e. "Aur angzeb' sr ei gn was devast at ed by t he Dec canul ce r . !

Effect s Aur angzeb hasbeen ve hement l ycr t i ci esedf orhi sDeccan pol i cy .Pol i t i cal l y ,i tHi sl ongst ayi n De cc an gav eabi gbl ow t o t he admi ni st r at i on oft he nor t h and l etl oose t he cent r i f ugal f or ce s. Aur angzeb' s l ong absence f r om t he nor t h r esul t ed sudden br eakdown ofadmi ni st r at i on whi ch had been ev ol ved over t he cont ur i es.Ther e f or e,whi l et he Deccan di d pr ove a t r emendous s t r ai n on t he Mughalempi r e,t her e wer e ot her f act or ,ofpol i t i cal ,economi c,r e l i gi ousand soci alnat ur e,whi ch r api dl y appedt heMughalempi r eofi t semer gy . Ec onomi cal l y ,t heDeccan expendi t ur epr oved a st r ai n on t he i mper i alexc hequer .l n si x mont hs,hes pentt hi r t yl akhs f r om t hei mper i alt r eas ur yapar tf r om onecr or eofr upeest hat JaiSi nghhadspentonhi sown.AtAur angzeb' sdeat h,t heAgr a t r easur ybar e l yposse ssed t hi r t een cr or eswhi l eAkbarhad l e f t overt went ycr or er s.

CausesofAur angzebFai l ur e Aur angze b' sDeccan st r at egyhad f ar r eachi ngr ami ficat i onsf or t heki ngdom.Aur angz ebcoul dcl ai mt hatt heDeccan war snot

onl yundonehi sowneffor t s,butal sot hoseofhi sf or ef at her s,i n t he same way t hat Napol eon coul dc l ai m t hat " l t was t he Spani sh ul c erwhi c hr ui nedme"Tohav ecapt ur edt hes t at esof Bi j apurandGol condawasabl underont hepar tofAur angz eb' s par tofhi s t ory .I ti st r uet hatt hei rmonar chswer eShi as,but Aur angze b appear st o have puthi sr el i gi ous f er v ourasi de i n or dert of oc uson hi sst at ecr af t .I n anycase,t heacqui s i t i on of Bi j apur and Gol conda effec t i vel yr emoved t he l astr emai ni ng chec kont heMar at has .Tode alwi t ht heMar at hasf r om suc ha f ar awayl ocat i on wasdi fficul tf orAur angz eb t ocompr e hend" as wel las Del hiI t ' sno sur pr i set hatheended up s pendi ng t he r es t of hi sl i f ei n t he Deccan, at t empt i ng t o subdue t he Mar at has.A quar t e r cent ur yofhi sabsencef r om t heNor t hhad caused t he count r y' s admi ni st r at i ve mac hi ner yt of al loutof syncwi t ht her estoft hewor l d.Thepr ovi nci algov er nor sand Fauj dar s we r e de f yi ng t he c ent r alaut hor i t y ,and t her e was not hi ngt hec ent r algov er nmentcoul d dot ost op t he m.I twas dur i ngt hi st i meper i odt hatt heJat sandSi khaswe r egi vent he oppor t uni t yt oenhancet hei rposi t i ons. As a r esul toft he I mpe r i alsol di er s'act i ons,par t i cul ar l yt he sev er alsi ege s,f or es t sand gr assl andswer ecompl e t el ydepl et ed of nut r i ent s . The massi ve Mughal ar my , whi c h number ed 177, 000 pe opl ei n al l ,i ncl udi ng noncombat ant s, dev our ed ev er yt hi ng gr ee n.The Mar at ha at t ...