Defining urban acupuncture as an alternative strategy to cure the city problems of Indonesia PDF

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Proceeding 3rd International Seminar on Tropical Eco-Settlements Urban Deprivation: A Challenge to Sustainable Urban Settlements October 31 – November 2, 2012, Grand Sahid Jaya Hotel, Jakarta – Indonesia Research Institute for Human Settlements Agency for Research and Development Ministry of Public...

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Defining urban acupuncture as an alternative strategy to cure the city problems of Indonesia Astri Anindya Sari

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SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR MİMARİ ve YEŞİL TASARIM İLE KENT SEL YENİLEME SUSTAINABLE ARCHIT E… pınar KIRKIK AYDEMİR

Urban acupunct ure Jonila Prift i Urbanisat ion in China: A Report Wen Hao Lee

Proceeding 3rd International Seminar on Tropical Eco-Settlements Urban Deprivation: A Challenge to Sustainable Urban Settlements

October 31 – November 2, 2012, Grand Sahid Jaya Hotel, Jakarta – Indonesia

Research Institute for Human Settlements Agency for Research and Development Ministry of Public Works Indonesia

ISBN 978-602-8330-63-3

TABLE OF CONTENT Page PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................................i STEERING COMMITTEE........................................................................................................................ii TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................................................................iv

Issue: New approach in sustainable urban planning and design A-01 DEVELOPING GREEN OPEN SPACE IN URBAN RESIDENTIAL AREAS THROUGH COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION APPROACH By Agung Wahyudi .........................................1 A-02 RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY AND SPATIAL EXTERNALITIES AS A CHALLENGE TO SUSTAINABLE URBAN SETTLEMENTS IN SURABAYA CITY By Alen Miftahul And Dian Rahmawati ..........................................................................................................................11 A-03 DEFINING URBAN ACUPUNCTURE AS AN ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY TO CURE THE CITY PROBLEMS OF INDONESIA By Astri Anindya Sari And Shirleyana ..................21 A-04 THE ACHIEVEMENT OF SUSTAINABILITY ON VERTICAL HOUSING DEVELOPMENT THROUGH WHOLE SYSTEM DESIGN By Christiono Utomo And Yani Rahmawati ...................................................................................................................................31 A-05 RIVERINE ECOLOGY DEGRADATION AND HUMAN SETTLEMENT VULNERABILITY IN CITARUM RIVER BANK AND ADJACENT AREA By Harri A. Setiadi ..........................................................................................................................................41 A-06 THE INFLUENCE OF VEGETATION TO THE INDOOR TEMPERATURE IN TROPICAL AREA By Khalid A.Mannan , Elisa Anggraeni , Aisyah N. Hayati Aulia F. Muchlis................55 A-07 A STUDY ON THE EXTERNALITY OF GAS-STATIONIN URBAN AREA, A CASE STUDY OF BANDUNG, INDONESIA By Mahatma Sindu Suryo And Arip Pauzi Rachman ..65 A-08 DEVELOPMENT OF A RAPID SYSTEM FOR URBAN AIR QUALITY INDEX MEASUREMENT BASED ON PHOTONIC CRYSTAL SENSOR By Mamat Rahmat, Muhamad Azis ,Erus Rustami, Wenny Maulina, Isnaeni, Husin Alatas, Arief S. Yuwono, YongHoon Cho And Kudang B. Seminar ............................................................................................73 A-09 THE SYSTEMIC DEPRIVATION OF URBAN GREEN OPEN SPACE: A CHALLENGE OF MAKING AN URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL-FRIENDLY By Martinus B. Susetyarto............85 A-10 ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL OF TRADITIONAL OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS IN THE UNDISAN VILLAGE - BALI PROVINCE By Muhajirin And Iwan Suprijanto ....................................................................................................................95 A-11 LANDSCAPE CHANGES IN DENPASAR CITY By Ni Made Yudantini ..............................109

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A-12 MODEL OF GREENSPACE RANGE EFFECT TOWARDS SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN URBAN AREA By Putri Yasmin Nurul Fajri ...........................................................................119 A-13 THE STUDY OF SO2 POLLUTANT EMISSION FROM BOILER STACK OF BIODIESEL PLANT USING ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION MODELLING By Rosmeika, Arief S. Yuwono And Armansyah H. Tambunan ...................................................................................................129 A-14 THE EMERGENCE OF INFORMAL RIVERSIDE SETTLEMENTS AND CHALLENGES FOR PLANNING: THE CASE OF KALI MAS IN SURABAYA, INDONESIA By Shirleyana And Astri Anindya Sari ..............................................................................................................137 A-15 THE CONTRIBUTION OF HOUSING SECTOR TO ANTICIPATE THE INCREASED DEGRADATION OF URBAN AREAS: A CASE STUDY OF BANDUNG CITY By Siti Zubaidah Kurdi ..........................................................................................................................149 A-16 HIGH-DENSITY HOUSING IN KAMPUNG BRAGA IN BANDUNG By Sri Suryani And Ismet B. Harun ...........................................................................................................................157 A-17 THE CAPACITY OF URBAN ENVIRONMENT, A CASE STUDY OF URBAN KAMPONG AT BANDUNG By Surjamanto W And Sahid...........................................................................167 A-18 LANDSCAPE O N LIMITED YARD AS A MICROCLIMATE CONTROL: A CASE STUDY OF MAKASSAR SUBURBAN HOUSING By Veronica N And S.Wunas ...............................173

Issue: Ecological concern in green building B-01 THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF BUILDING FORM TOWARDS THE THERMAL COMFORT IN FLATS BUILDINGS By Arief Sabaruddin And Rumiati R. Tobing ........................................................................................................................................181 B-02 INTEGRATED DESIGN AND PLANNING PROCESS TOWARDS GREEN BUILDING DEVELOPMENT CASE STUDIES IN DAHANA OFFICE BUILDING AND MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS OFFICE BUILDING By Dian Fitria...........................................................187 B-03 PRELIMINARY STUDY OF GREEN BUILDING IN MALANG CITY; CASE STUDY OF COMMERCIAL PUBLIC BUILDINGS By Fitria A. Feliciani, Andika Citraningrum, Agung Murti Nugroho, Damayanti Asikin.............................................................................................199 B-04 FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCED LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE SLAB WITH WASTE PUMICE AGGREGATE By Hazairin, Bernardinus Herbudiman And Syarief Abdurrachman ...........................................................................................................................211 B-05 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VEGETATION AS A NOISE REDUCTION IN A BUILDING By Imam Baihaqi , Irwan Suminto Adi , Nur Lailatul Fitria Sulianto , Ernaning Setiyowati.........219 B-06 THE INDEPENDENT HOUSE ENERGY FROM RESOURCES THE ENERGY OF POTENTIAL FROM ATMOSPHERE By Lilik Slamet S ........................................................227 B-07 ENERGY-EFFICIENT STRATEGY IN JAVANESE TRADITIONAL HOUSE By Mohammad Pranoto Soedjarwo ....................................................................................................................235

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B-08 RESOURCES CONSUMPTION ASSESSMENT TO ACHIEVE FUTURE GREEN OF PRINCE OF SONGKLA UNIVERSITY, SURAT THANI CAMPUS By Piyamas Samsuwan And Somtip Danteravanich ........................................................................................................243 B-09 PEOPLE’S BEHAVIOUR IN THE MARKET WASTE MANAGEMENT: RAU MARKET, SERANG BANTEN By Retta Siagian....................................................................253 B-10 ROLE OF PASSIVE AND ACTIVE STRATEGY IN GREEN BUILDING CONTEXT By Sahid, Surjamanto W And Sugeng Triyadi.................................................................................261 B-11 NEW APPROACH POSSIBILITIES OF USING A SIMPLE LIGHT REFLECTION FOR SAVING ENERGY IN URBAN BUILDINGS By Suriansyah. Y And Gunawan. R ................269 B-12 PROBLEMATIC OF HIGH-RISE BUILDING FLATS IN INDONESIA BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT AND FIRE SAFETY PERSPECTIVES By Wahyu Sujatmiko , Hermawan K. Dipojono, Soegijanto, And F.X. Nugroho Soelami.............................................275

Issue: Urban infrastructure accessibility C-01 BASIN MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS APPROACH TO OFF-SET INFRASTRUCTURE INACCESSIBILITY UNDER RAPID URBANIZATION AND DUE WEAK GOVERNANCE By J Matsushita And Suharyanto ...............................................................................................285 C-02 STRATEGIC STUDY OF SPAM DEVELOPMENT IN PONTIANAK CITY FOR MDGS TARGET ACHIEVEMENT 2015 By Laili F. Mahdi And Prof. Arwin A. Sabar .....................297 C-03 DOMESTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR REDUCING RIVER POLLUTION: A CASE STUDY CIBEUREUM VILLAGE AND MELONG VILLAGE, DISTRICT OF SOUTH CIMAHI By Puti Renosori, Chusharini Chamid And Yuliadi .............................................309 C-04 WASTE REDUCTION THROUGH 3 R (REDUCE, REUSE AND RECYCLING) PROGRAM: A CASE STUDY OF SURABAYA CITY, INDONESIA By Sri Darwati .........319 C-05 OPTIMAL SCALE OF WATER SUPPLY PROVISION IN INDONESIA By Sri Maryati ....329

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DEFINING URBAN ACUPUNCTURE AS AN ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY TO CURE THE CITY PROBLEMS OF INDONESIA Astri Anindya SARI1 and SHIRLEYANA2

ABSTRACT: Urban acupuncture is an approach offered to cure acute environmental disease in the city as well as improving the quality of urban life. As a combination between urban design and traditional Chinese medicine called acupuncture, this strategy views cities as living, breathing organisms and pinpoints areas in need of repair. The treatment is conducted by revitalizing some small strategic aspects of the problem which could finally trigger other aspects to make good improvement. Public open space is one of the strategic aspects that affect the quality of the city. By doing some small intervention on it, we can directly improving the quality of urban life. Through comparative study on the application of urban acupuncture in four successful public open spaces in the world, this paper attempts to study the strength and weaknesses of the approach and the possibility to be applied in Indonesia. From the literature study, this paper highly recommends inclusion of public space planning in the urban development. Further, it also strengthens the importance of joint planning between the government and the community to avoid providing spaces in vain. Sense of belonging from the community can come up if the community involved in the planning and implementation. Thus creating attractive and unique public spaces for the community in Indonesia is possible within limited spaces and resources. KEYWORDS: Urban acupuncture, public open space, quality of urban life, participative planning. 1

BACKGROUND

Big cities in developing countries including Indonesia suffer significant urban problems. The socioeconomic problems like poverty, waste management, uneven development, slums, traffic congestions, and environmental degradation become a common thing in the life of the urban society. These problems represent the poor quality of life especially in the urban area. Jaime Lerner, an urban design expert, stated that the poor quality of life is the implications of the poor quality of urban space. Therefore, the essential requirement to improve and enhance the quality of people in cities is to improve the quality of public open spaces. This would not be easy, since the urban problems has a strong chain reaction among the different socio-economic, political, and environmental factors. Appropriate methods and approaches are needed to break the chain thus the current problems can be solved without creating new problems. The complexity of the problems is in need of urgent solving. However, it is difficult to find the most appropriate approach to solve the problems. Many concepts offered from developed countries cannot be implemented directly, since they have to be in accordance with the socio-economic conditions of developing countries, like Indonesia. There are differences in geography, socio-economic, culture, and also planning systems. Another point which hampers the effort to solve urban problems is the perspective of the policy makers. Many policy makers assume the answer to cure such problems is sufficient financial resources

1 2

Lecturer in Architecture, Widya Kartika University, Surabaya, Indonesia Lecturer in Architecture, Widya Kartika University, Surabaya, Indonesia

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[A-03] and good capability of planning instruments problems (Lerner, 2011). As a matter of fact, financial resources have been encountered as the major problems of developing countries. According to Lerner, many policy makers in developing countries merely focused on the magnitude of the problems rather than finding ways to make their cities better through developing the cities’ potentials. This false paradigm implies in the delay of improvement of the cities. This condition will further influence the peoples’ point of view. People would think that urban problems were prominent and there is no solution to find a better city. This can result in apathetic community, considering the poor quality of life as a normal way of life with no effort to alter the pathetic condition. 2

URBAN ACUPUNTURE AS AN ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY FOR IMMEDIATE SOLUTION

Urban Acupuncture is one of the alternative strategies to resolve the current urban problems with immediate effects. It is recognized as urban acupuncture since this strategy combines urban design with acupuncture, a traditional medical techniques from China. In Urban Acupuncture, cities are considered as one living organism with pinpoints areas in need of repair (Lerner, 2003; Harsema, 2011). Cities are treated as one living body with its parts, thus when one of the body part started to decay, it should not be cut off. Hence, it is better to repair and make the organism work in different way. The healing of this broken part will likely bring much improvement to cities instead of just simply removing or changing it. “A city is like a family portrait. You may not like the nose of your uncle but you don’t tear up the whole family photo. You don’t do this because the family portrait is you.” (Jamie Lerner, 2011) Cities revitalization using the urban acupuncture should be done by giving interventions to the vital parts of the cities. The successful of this treatment will eventually lead to synergism and improvement of quality of life in the surrounding areas and the city as a whole. Simply using this small intervention to the necessary vital part can minimize the cost for the cities revitalization and faster, compared as if the whole cities were changed. "Sometimes, urban planning is just too slow and laborious," Lerner has said. The acupuncture strategy is therefore "a way of supplying the city with a quick dose of energy, using few resources" (Lerner 2003). “A city consists of a complex network of interconnected spaces. These nerve pathways are not always visible, physically, but can also be constituted by intensity zones in the smooth space”(cf. Deleuze & Guattari, Thoughts). As mentioned above, Urban Acupuncture is a method to enhance the quality of the city through small interventions at critical parts of the city. One way to locate the critical parts of the city is to perform mapping of the intensity of the community activities (cJuul | Frost Architects, 2011). Places with high intensity of activities can be identified as a strategic pinpoint of repair. On the contrary, the strategic locations in the cities but having low intensity of activities from the community could be a sign of decay hence this area need intervention or improvement. Apart from the mapping method, the critical points of the city can be identified from their relation to the main aspects that determine the quality of the city. Jaime Lerner (2011) acknowledged three main keys to the good quality of urban life: mobility, sustainability, and identity. The three main keys were applied by Lerner in his efforts to improve the quality of urban and community life in Curitiba. The mobility is implemented through integrated public transport and infrastructure planning, known as Bus Rapid Transit (Lerner, 2011). This system gives priority and

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[A-03] convenience to public transportation users. Eventually, this affects public preferences towards the use of transport mode. This successful strategy is evidenced by reduced number of private vehicles and traffic congestion, which used to happen on the streets of Curitiba. The sustainability is applied by building a collective dream within the community and inviting them to participate to determine the future of their city (Lerner, 2011). The community involvement is needed to build their dream together to bring the sense of ownership and public awareness of the city to assure that the projects will sustain. The community involvement in Curitiba for improving the quality of life can be examined from implementation of waste management. They can now have a higher awareness to manage their solid waste and to wisely use the existing natural resources. To form the image of the city, revitalizing the city center is performed through the implementation of pedestrian mall and historical area restoration. Besides, Lerner also planned a network of public parks which function is not just as a gathering space for community, but also to solve the drainage problem and illegal occupation of blighted areas. These parks also serve as vegetation and animal’s habitat. All of these parks were designed with attractive theme and different character for a unique and pleasing appearance. All efforts are made with an emphasis on the functionality, begins with the community participation to build a collective dream. This good practice results in the enhancement of the quality of public spaces and the life of Curitiba citizens which has been significant increasing since 1940. Almost all of Curitiba people feel happy to live there. 3

PUBLIC SPACE FOR A BETTER QUALITY OF LIFE

According to Jaime Lerner (2003), livable cities should offer a better quality of life. Big cities start to miss the value of community and humanity, when cities fail to maintain the three basic elements of space: river, street and square- the public open spaces. To have a public life, a public open space is necessary to be developed. Public spaces are the heart of a city. They offer open access for diverse activities and social interaction (Madanipour, 1996). They can be in forms of nodes, focal points, symbolizing identities and culture of a city. Public spaces are tangible spaces with tangible qualities where communities have social interaction, doing business or just relaxing (Carr, S et al, 1992). In neighborhood context those spaces can be parks, playgrounds, playing fields, school playgrounds, and incidental spaces. While, in civic urban context, public spaces serve a bigger area like squares, plazas, and recreational spaces like parks, hospital grounds, transport and waterway corridors (rivers, canals, railways, and roads) (Wolley, 2003). Worpole and Greenhalgh (1996, in Shaftoe, 2008) mentioned the importance of public space as central to questions sustainable, equitable and enriching urban life. Further, Wolley (2003) also emphasized the importance of a well planned, designed, and managed open spaces and community involvement to enhance the quality of life of the people. People do not want bland spaces, and those spaces will not benefit their life. The benefits and opportunities of open space in urban context have been recognized as: 1. Social benefits. Public open spaces provide spaces for event and activities, either for recreational, cultural, or educational purposes. Active and passive recreation involving communities can take part in these spaces. Active recreation allows active participation in activities for groups and sports, like football, basketball, or just jogging and walking. Passive recreation considers small activities like reading and watching children, vegetation, animals, and surrounding activities. All these activities provide facts that urban open spaces as a focus to community and even enhance the value of community attributes to its urban open spaces.

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[A-03] 2. Health benefits. Urban open spaces are used for improving peop...