DEGREE OF COMPARISON PDF

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NEAR ENGLISH BOOK Novral Evendri, S.Pd [Year] 2013 Near English Book PEKANBARU - RIAU Novral Evendri, S.Pd Page 1 DEGREE OF COMPARISON -er / more + than + .... Pengertian : a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan tingkatan b. Ciri dari degree of Comparison : - Ada akhiran –er - Ada kata more Example : - Old -...

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NEAR ENGLISH BOOK

[Year]

Novral Evendri, S.Pd

2013

Near English Book

PEKANBARU - RIAU

Novral Evendri, S.Pd

Page 1

DEGREE OF COMPARISON -er / more + than + .... Pengertian : a. b. -

Digunakan untuk menyatakan tingkatan Ciri dari degree of Comparison : Ada akhiran –er Ada kata more

Example : -

Old Tua Heavy Berat Expensive Mahal

-

Older Lebih tua Heavier Lebih berat More Expensive Lebih mahal

Penggunaannya : a. Adjective + -er Kata – kata sifat yang menggunakan akhiran –er dalam menyatakan tingkatan, adalah kata-kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu sukukata. Example : Old Older Rome is old but athens is older. (not more old) Cheap Cheaper Is it cheaper to go by car or bt train ? (not more cheap) Nice Nicer This coat is okay but i think the other one is nicer Big Bigger Sue wants to buy a bigger car Late Slow

-

Later Slower

b. Adjective berhuruf akhir –y Dalam bentuk Degree of Comparison-nya, kata kata sifat yang huruf terakhirnya –y, menjadi –ier Example : Easy Easier Dont send a letter. It is easier to phone me (not more easy) Heavy Heavier The bag is heavy but the suitcaseis heavier Early

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-

Earlier

Novral Evendri, S.Pd

Page 2

c. .....More..... (More Expensive) Kita menggunakan ...more..., bila suku kata adjective tersebut lebih dari satu suku kata. Example : Modern More modern I dont like this house. I prefermore more modern house. Expensive More expensive Is it more expensive to go by car or by train ? Interesting More interesting Dont talk about you job. Let’s talk about something more interesting. Polite Tired

-

More polite More tired

Membandingkan tingkatan : a. Kita menggunakan than untuk membandingkan tingkatan b. Than diletakkan setelah comparatives Example : -

Lindais 160 cm and Mina is 155cm. Linda is taleer than Mina. How are you today? “Not bad. Better than yesterday.” A is older than B. (artinya : A lebih tua daripada B) A is more expensive than B.

Adjective yang memiliki perubahan khusus : - Good/well - Bad - Far -

Better Worse Farther

Example : - The weather wasn’t very good yesterday but it’s better today - Which is worse – a headache or a toothache ? - “Do you feel better today?” “No, i feel worse” - “How far is the station ? a mile ?”. “No, father. About two miles.”

Exercise : Write sentence Using THAN..... Example : Answer : -

Shierly, Henry and Arthur are all millionaires. They are all very rich Shierly has 2 million, Henry has 1 million, and Arthur has a half million dollar. So:.... Henry is rich He is richer than Arthur.But Shierly is richer than he is .

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Novral Evendri, S.Pd

Page 3

1. I’am26. You’re 24, So: ..... 2. Eka is a very good swimmer. I’am not a very good swimmer. So:... 3. I’m 168 cm tall. Tine is 166 cm tall. So:.... 4. I start work at 8 o’clock. Eben starts work at 8.30. So:.... 5. Siti doesn’t work very hard. I work very hard. So:... 6. I haven’t got much money. Eben,Eka,and Tine’ve got a lot ofmoney. So:.... 7. Joshua is a very good diver, I’m not a very good drive. So:.... 8. I’m not a very friendly. Joshua is very friendy. So:.... 9. I’m not a very good dancer. Jonas is a good dancer. So:.... 10. I’m very intelligent. She isnot very intelligent. So:..... 11. I speak French very well. My father don’t speak French very well. So:..... 12. I don’t go tothe cinema very much, Henry go to the cinema a lot. So:.....

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Page 4

SHOWING SIMILARITIES Menyatakan persamaan Dalam bahasa Inggris, untuk menyatakan kesamaan dikenal beberapa ungkapan, antara lain : -

As ...... as

-

Ordinal numbers + as....as

-

The same as

-

Be similar to

Yang memiliki arti antara lain : -

Se.... yang....

-

Sama.....dengan....

-

Se- .....

-

Mirip dengan

As .... as Example : -

I am sorry i am late. I got here as fast as i cold. Maaf saya terlambat. I sampai sini secepatnya yang saya bisa.

-

Can you send me the money as soon as possible, please ? Bisakah kamu mengirimkan saya uang secepat mungkin ?

-

There’s plenty of food. You can have as much as you like. Ada banyak makanan. Kamu boleh mengambil sebanyak yang kamu suka.

-

Let’s walk. It’s just as quick as taking the bus. Ayo kita jalan kaki. (karena) jalan kaki sama cepatnya dengan bis.

Ordinal numbers + as ..... as Example : -

Their house is about three times as big as ours. Rumah mereka sama dengan tiga kali besarnya rumah kita

-

Petrol is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago. Minyak bumi sekarang sama dengan dua kali mahalnya dengan harga beberapa tahun yang lalu.

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Page 5

The same as Example : -

Ann’s salary is the same as mine. Or ann gets the same salary as me.

-

Tom is the same age as George.

-

“Whatwould you like to drink ?”. “i will have the same as you.”

Be similar to Example : -

Her dress is similar to mine.

-

His children’s faces are similar to their father’s.

Exercise : Complete the sentences using as .... as and choose one of the following words ! Bad, Comfortable, Long, Often Quietly, Soon, Well, well-qualified

Example : I am sorry i am bit late. I got here ... i could. Answer : As fast as 1. It was a difficult question. I answered it ..... i could. 2. “How long can i stay with you ?”. “ you can stay .... you like.” 3. I need the information quickly, so please let me know ..... possible. 4. I like to keep fit., so i go swimming .... i ca 5. I didn’t want to wake anybody, so i came in .... i cold. 6. I am going to sleep on the floor. It is ... sleeping in that hard bed. 7. Why did he get the job rather than me ? i am ... him 8. At first i thought you were nice but really you are ... everybody else.

Write sentences using the same as. Example : Sally and Kate are both 22 years old. Sally is Kate.

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Page 6

Answer : The same as 9. You and both have dark brown hair. Your hair ....... 10. I arrived 10.25 and did you. I .... 11. My birthday is 5 April. Tom’s birthday is 5 April too. My ...........

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Page 7

SHOWING DIFFERENCES Menunjukkan perbedaan Not as ... as .... Example : -

Medan is not as crowded as Jakarta (=Jakarta is more crowded).

-

The weather is better than yesterday. It isn’t as cold. (= as cold as yesterday)

-

I don’t play tennis as often as you (=you play tennis more often).

Less ....(than) Catatan : Less... (than) sama dengan not as ... (as) : Example : -

I spent less money than you.

-

(= I didn’t spend as much money....)

-

The city center eas less crowded than usual. (= it wasn’t as crowded...)

Be different from .... Example : -

I am different from my sister.

-

Mrs. Ratna is very different from Mrs.Vonny.

Exercise : Look at the pictures ! Write sentences about A, B, and C Example : C

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A

B

Novral Evendri, S.Pd

Page 8

Answer : A is bigger than C but not as big as B

1. A = 165 cm, B = 180 cm, and C = 175 cm. C is .................... A but .............................. 2. A = $100, B = $75, and C = $150 A is ........................ but ..............................

3. A = $100, B = $75, and C = $150 A is .......................... but ........... 4.

C 5 kg

B 7 kg

A 10 kg

A is ........... but ................

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Page 9

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Pengertian : Digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang dilakukan pada waktu lampau dan hasilnya dapat terlihat sekarang.

Have / Has + Participle Past Participle dari Regular Verb: -ed Bentuk Past Participle dari Irreguler Verb : Tidak Selalu Sama Example : -

I have lost my passport. (= i can’t find my passport now).

-

She is gone to bed. (=She is in bed now)

-

It is kay’s birthday tomorrow and i have not bought her a present.

-

We’ve bought a new car. (= we have anew car now)

-

“Bob is on holiday.” “Oh, where has he gone ?”

-

“Are they still having dinner?” “No, they’ve finished.”

Exercise : Arrange the words in the bracket in to PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Example : ( He – clean – his shoes ) Answer : He has cleaned his shoes 1. ( She – close – the door ) She ...................................... 2. ( They – go – to bed ) They .................................... 3. ( It – stop – raining ) It ......................................... 4. ( He – have – a bath ) He ........................................ 5. ( The picture – fall – down )

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Page 10

The picture ........................

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE With Been Struktur Kalimat : a. Positive -

Subject ( I/you//we/they ) + have been ......

-

Subject ( He/she/it ) + has been .......

b. Negative -

Subject ( I/you/we/they ) + have not ( Haven’t ) been .....

-

Subject ( He/she/it ) + Has not ( hasn’t ) been ....

c. Question -

Have + subject ( I/you/we/they ) + been ...?

-

Has + subject ( She/he/it ) + been ......?

Example : Dono : Have you been to home? Betty : Yes, I have,many times. Doni

: Have you ever been to Japan ?

Betty : No, I’ve never been to Japan.

-

I’ve been to Canada but I haven’t been to the United states.

-

Have you been France ? No, I haven’t

-

Has Duta ever been to australia ? No, never.

Exercise : PUT IN

-

Have (never) been/Has (never) been.

-

Haven’t been/Hasn’t been.

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Page 11

Example : I ...... to Bali before. People say it is very beautiful.

Answer : Haven’t been 1. There’s a new restaurant in town. We ....there. 2. Paris is a wonderful city. My husband and I.... there many times. 3. She .... to Australia. She is so lucky getting a holiday present to Australia this month. 4. They ..... to Paris twice. They plan to go there again this year. 5. He .... to Spain. He enjoyed his holiday very much. 6. She .... married five times. 7. What ? You .... to Bali you life time ?

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Page 12

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Pengertian How long have you ? Perhatikan kejadian berikut ini : -

Jill is on holiday in London

-

She arrived in London on Monday

-

Today is Friday

-

How long has she been in London ?

-

She has been in London since Monday / for for days

-

She is in London now. But she has been in London since Monday / for four days.

Bandingkan antara present simple dan present perfect : Present simple

Present perfect

Harry is in Canada

but

He has been in Canada since April

Are you married ?

but

How long have you been married ?

Do you know Sarah ?

but

How long have you known her ? i’ve known her foe a long time

Linda lives in London

but

How long has she lived in London ? she has lived there all her life

We have a car

but

How long have you had your car ? we ‘ve had it for a year.

Exercise : Make Question with HOW LONG ....: Example : Jill is in London Answer : How long has she been in London ? 1. Mike and Judy arein Brazil. How long ............? 2. Diana is learning Italian How long ............ ? 3. My brother lives in Germany How long ............ ?

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4. It is raining. How long ............ ? 5. Bill is a teacher How long ............ ? 6. I know Margaret How long ............ ? 7. I have a motor – bike How long ............ ? 8. Linda and Frank are married. How long ............ ? 9. Alan works in London How long ............ ?

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Page 14

QUESTION TAGS Pengertian : Question tags adalah pertanyaan yang di tambahkan di akhir kalimat. Question tag di gunakan untuk meyakinkan bahwa informasi mereka itu benar untuk mencari persetujuan. Example : -

Desta can come, can’t he ?

-

Adi can’t come, can he ?

POSITIVE SENTENCE + NEGATIVE TAG POSITIVE ANSWER ECPECTED Example : -

Nana is here, isn’t she ? Yes, she is

-

You like coffe, don’t you ? Yes, I do

-

They have left, haven’t they ? Yes, they have.

NEGATIVE SENTENCE + POSITIVE TAG NEGATIVE ANSWER EXPECTED

Example : -

Nana isn’t here, is she ? No, she isn’t

-

You don’t like coffe do you ? No, I don’t

-

They haven’t left, have they ? No, they haven’t

Perhatikan tips – tips berikut ini : 1. Tag pronoun untuk this / that di gunakan it. Example :

This / that is your book, isn’t it ?

2. Tag pronoun untuk these / those di gunakan they. Example :

These / those are yours, aren’t they ?

3. Kalimat yang menggunakan there + be, there di gunakan dalam tag : Example :

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There is a meeting tonight, isn’t there ?

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4. It biasanya di gunakan untuk everything / nothing Example :

Everything is okay, isn’t it ? Nothing is wrong, is it ?

5. They biasanya di gunakan untuk everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, no body. Example :

Everyone took the test, didn’t they ? Nobody called on the phone, did they ?

6. Kalimat yang bermakna negatif, question tagnya positif Example :

You've never been there, have you ?

7. Setelah kata let’s, question tagnya adalah shall we ? Example :

Let’s go for a walk, shall we ?

8. Setelah kata perintah (inferative), question tagnya biasanya will you ? Example :

Open the door, will you ? Don’t be late, will you ? Aren’t I ? = am i not I’m late, aren’t I ?

Exercise : Add tag question to the following : Example : They want to come ..... ? Answer : They want to come, don’t they ? 1. Meffy is a dentist ............ ? 2. They won’t be here ......... ? 3. There aren’t any problems ......... ? 4. That isyour umbrella ........ ? 5. Danang is a student ....... ? 6. Kirana can’t come with us ...... ? 7. Don’t smoke here ....... ? 8. I’m too impatient ....... ? 9. Let’s go out tonight ...... ? 10. You weren’t listening to me ...... ?

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Page 16

ADVERBS Pengertian Adverbs menerangkan bagaimana sesuatu terjadi atau bagaimana seseorang melakukan sesuatu. Example : -

He ate his dinnervery quickly

-

Suddenly the shelf fell down

Quickly dan Suddenly adalah adverbs. Adjective + -Iy

: Adverb

Quick

- quickly

Bad

- Badly

Sudden

- Suddenly

Heavy

- Heavily

Careful

- Carefully

Easy

- Easily

Example : -

The rain stopped suddenly

-

I opened the door slowly

-

Please listen carefully

-

I understand your perfectly

-

It’s raining heavily

Adjective -Sue is very quite

Adverb But Sue speaks very quietly. (not ’speaks very qiuet’)

- Be careful !

Listen carefully ! (not ‘listen careful’)

- It was a bad game

Our team played badly.

These words are adjectives and adverbs : Fast, Hard, Late, Early

Kata-kata tersebut merupakan adjectitive sekaligus adverb -

Ben is a fast runner

- Ben runs fast (not ‘fastly’)

-

Her job is very hard

- She works very hard (not ‘hardly’)

-

The bus was late/early

- I went to bed late/early

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Page 17

Good (adjective)

Well (adverb)

- Her English is very good

She speaks English very well. (not ‘speaks English very good’)

- Ir was a good game

Our team played well

Tetapi well juga merupakan adjective Example : -

How are you ? ‘I’m very well. And you ?’

Exercise CHOOSE THE RIGHT WORD Example : I opened the door slow / slowly Answer : Slowly 1. Bill is a careful / carefully driver He drives careful / carefully 2. Can you please repeat that slow / slowly 3. Come on, Bob ! Why are you always so slow / slowly ? 4. The party was very good / well. I enjoyed it very much 5. Yom didn’t do very good / well in his examination 6. Don’t eat your dinner so quick / quickly. It’s not good for you 7. Please be quiet / quietly. I’m reading

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Page 18

PREPOSITIONS OF POSITION On (di atas,,,, ) On a table

On a wall

On a buss

On the ground floor

On a plate

On a door

On a train

On the first floor

On the floor etc

On the ceiling

On a plane

etc

Also on a horse / on a bicycle / on a motor-bike Example : -

There are a lot of apples on the tree

-

There are some books on the shelf and some pictures on the wall

-

I met Alice on the bus

-

The office is on the first floor. (Not ‘in the first floor’)

Under (dibawah,,,, ) Example : -

The girl is standing under a tree

-

The cat is under the table

-

I’m wearing a jacket under my coat

Above (di atas) and Below (di bawah) Example : -

A is above the line

-

B is below the line

-

The picture are above the shelves

-

The shelves are below the pictures

Next to / beside (di samping / di sebelah.....) B...