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Investigation on different stain removers...

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Part A:

Investigating the effectiveness of 3 different stain removers on removing red stains. Introduction: Laundry is a basic part of life and yet one that many people don’t give a second thought to until they encounter a stubborn stain that is hard to remove. Through this experiment, I will be investigating which detergent is the best for removing red stains using spectroscopy. Spectrophotometry is a useful method of quantitative analysis that is mostly used to measure things. For example, it can be used to measure a chemical substance that absorbs light by measuring the intensity of the light beam passing through a solution.(Research Methodology in Zoology, 2020) In other words, spectroscopy can measure the amount of an unknown substance. Stains are sorted into four different types: Enzymatic, Oxidisable, Greasy and Particulate stains. However, some stains can have a number of components, which can fit into multiple stain types. For example, the tomato sauce would have a coloured, oxidizable component, but would probably also be part greasy. (The Chemistry of Stain Removal, 2020) More specifically, when looking at the stains we are looking at Oxidisable stains (beetroot juice, tomato sauce and red wine) and Greasy stains (also tomato sauce). Oxidisable stains are stains that are usually brightly coloured, such as juice. Oxidisable stains can be removed by hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid. Which oxidise coloured substances to colourless ones by breaking down chromophores, sections of chemical structures that can cause colouration. (Stains such as inhibiting dye transfer during - Summary Writing Examples, 2020) Hydrogen peroxide breaks down colour-causing sections of chemical structures, removing the appearance of the stain. Hydrogen peroxide is usually used in the form of sodium percarbonate, which releases hydrogen peroxide when combined with water.(The Chemistry of Stain Removal, 2020) For greasy stains, surfactants remove the stain as it helps oil and grease dissolve in water. They are molecules that have a water-soluble ‘head’ and oil-soluble ‘tail’. They form spherical structures called micelles around oil droplets, which then allow them to dissolve in water. Red wine: Basic ingredients: Yeast, water, sugar, sulfur dioxide, potassium sorbate and potassium metabisulfite, powdered tannins, grape juice concentrate, flavours and calcium carbonate. (Chemistry of Wine Making, 2020)

The colour of red wine is made out of chromogens, which are the primary substance in many plants that can be transformed into dyes.The tannins in red wine can also be used in ink production. Tannin is a natural vegetable dye found in many plants such as grape skin. Tomato sauce: Basic ingredients: Tomatoes, salt, sugar, food acid, olive oil, vinegar and sugars.

Tomato sauce contains tannins and lycopene which is a pigment in tomato sauces. Lycopene is the pigment that gives red and pink foods their characteristic colour. Another staining component of tomato sauce is oil. Beetroot juice: Beetroots are widely used as food colourant due to its red colour from the pigment betalain mainly from betanin, betanidin, and betaxanthin. Betalains are commonly used as food colourants which are the water-soluble pigments that give beetroot their vivid colour. (Betalain-rich Concentrate Improves Exercise Performance, 2020) Electromagnetic spectrum: The electromagnetic spectrum describes different types of radiation, including visible light, which differ based on their wavelengths. Light travels as a wave (transverse waves) at very high velocities. Waves carry energy, some more than others. High-frequency waves (high energy waves) include gamma rays and X-rays. As they are high frequency, this means they’re able to penetrate materials to greater depths. Higher the frequency= more damaging it can be to living tissues. Low-frequency waves, e.g radio waves, don't carry as much energy and therefore don’t have as much penetration.

(Youtube,2020)

The electromagnetic spectrum consists of waves varying in wavelength. Including visible light, infrared radiation and ultraviolet radiation. Blue-green light (500nm) is the most effective wavelength for humans. Either side of the wavelength in the red and ultraviolet areas are less effective in humans but are used by other organisms. Humans can detect light in the region of 380-760nm in wavelength. Violet has the shortest wavelength, at around 380nm, blue is around 450-490nm red has the longest wavelength at around 700nm.

(Youtube,2020)

([duplicate], Kareem and v, 2020)

Visible light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation. This means it's a type of energy which travels through the universe as a wave. These light waves can have differences in energy in different colours. High energy light appears purple; low energy light appears red. And then all of the other colours fall in between. When the light comes into contact with an object, it's either: Absorbed or reflected. These reflected light rays are what our eyes can detect and used to create images of the objects in our environment. Light reflects off objects. These reflected rays enter the eye through the pupil. Past through the lens and the jelly-like fluid inside of the eye and is detected by receptor cells at the back of the eye and is called the retina. We refer to these receptors as photoreceptors because they can sense light. When these photoreceptors are activated by incoming light waves, they generate a nerve impulse that is then sent to the visual centres of the brain via the optic nerve. In the brain, these messages are interpreted as images. Spectroscopy: Spectrophotometry is a useful method of quantitative analysis. It is used to measure how much a chemical substance absorbs light by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light passes through a sample solution. This measurement can also be used to measure the amount of an unknown substance. (Spectrophotometry, 2020)

Aim: To investigate the effectiveness of 3 different stain removers on red wine, beetroot juice and tomato sauce.

Equipment: Part one: ● Electronic scales ● 15x Sheet squares ● Pipette ● 15x Pegs ● 1m piece of fishing line ● 2x retort stands ● Spatula ● Phone camera ● Small beaker ● 4x large beakers ● 1L of warm tap water (46 °) ● Red wine ● 2x A4 pieces of paper ● Permanent marker Part two: ● Spectroscopy program ( via personal phone) -Colour assist life

Method: Part One: 1. Collect all necessary equipment 2. Weigh out 1.99g of the Di-San laundry soaker, I.75g of the Ultra laundry booster and soaker, and 1.07g of the Vanish laundry soaker. 3. Label 4 large beakers: B1 (water), B2 (Dis-San), B3 (Ultra), B4 (Vanish) 4. Pour the 3 different stain removers into respective beakers, mix in slowly clockwise 5x 5. Set aside 1 piece of sheet square for control 6. Squirt one full pipette of red wine (3ml) onto one piece of square sheet 7. Repeat step 6 two more times 8. Place the 3 stained sheet squares on an A4 piece of paper 9. Repeat step 6 3x and place into beaker labeled B1 10. Start timer for 30 minutes, record time on a seperate piece of A4 paper 11. Repeat step 6 3x and place the 3 stained sheets into beaker labeled B2 12. Repeat step 10 13. Repeat step 6 3x and place into beaker labeled B3 14. Repeat step 10 15. Repeat step 6 3x and place the 3 stained sheets into beaker labeled B4 16. Set up drying station using fishing line and 2x retort stands 17. After 30 minutes is up for each beaker, remove one by one and hang on the fishing line via peg.

18. Label the 15pegs: 1x DC(Dry control), 2x WC (Wine control), 3xD-S (Di-San), 3xU (Ultra) and 3x V(Vanish) 19. Allow to dry overnight 20. Using the colour assist life app, hold all sheets one at a time against the window and record red results into a table 21. Collect collaborative work results, and place data into table

Part two: 1. Sort out dry stained sheets into their groups (Control, Wine control, Di-San, Ultra, Vaish) 2. Using the Color Assist life app, one by one measure the amount of red all sheets 3. Record the red absorbance in a table

Results: Collaborative change in red, red wine: Trial Treatment Person 1

Person 2

Person 3

Average

Water

27.5

5.6

30.2

21.1

Water + vanish

24.3

8.8

31

21.4

Water + Ultra

3.7

7.4

37

16

Water + Di-san

4

31.3

12.5

15.9

Collaborative change in red, tomato sauce: Trial

Treatment Person 1

Person 2

Person 3

Average

Water

11.3

38.8

1.3

17.1

Water + vanish

9.5

23.8

6

13.1

Water + Ultra

36.5

19.3

16.5

24.1

Water + Di-san

23.5

36.3

0

29.9

Collaborative change in red, beetroot juice: Trial

Treatment Person 1

Person 2

Person 3

Average (1.dp)

Water

22.4

16.7

3.9

14.3

Water + vanish

45.3

5

9.8

20

Water + Ultra

53.2

27.5

9.8

30.1

Water + Di-san

22.4

16.7

4.8

14.6

Best to worst stain remover method Stain remover Beetroot

Red wine

Tomato sauce

Total

Di-san

3

4

1

9

Vanish

2

1

4

7

Ultra

1

3

2

6

Water

4

2

3

8

Discussion: Independent variable: stain remover Dependent variable: the amount of red value Controlled variables: environment, equipment By observing the graph and table above we can see that the ultra detergent was the most effective in removing the red value from the square sheets. With U/ beetroot 1, U/Red wine 3 and U/Tomato sauce 2. Vanish came second with beetroot being 2, red wine 1 and tomato sauce 4. Water came third, with w/beetroot 4, red wine 2 and tomato sauce 3, and Di-san coming last with beetroot 3, red wine 4 and tomato sauce 1. Reliability: Although measurements and observations were repeated multiple times over with 3+ students testing each stain, I believe our results still were not 100% reliable as most results were not similar. This could be improved by repeating this experiment with the exact same method. Validity: -Internal: The experiment was internally valid as all groups followed the same standard steps of the scientific method, only one variable was changed, and the test results made logical sense. ( Study

validity 2020)Validity could be improved by using a thermometer to test the temperature of the water to ensure all groups are using the same temperature water. -External: The experiment is also externally valid as the conclusion from the experiment provides a valid result. However, the experiment should be redone to ensure there are no alternative results.

Accuracy: The experiment was not accurate as everyone used different phones and backgrounds when measuring the absorbance, this had a major impact on the experiment as the lighting was different. This could have been improved by all groups testing the absorbance against the windows and using the same phone when measuring the red absorbance.

Conclusion: In conclusion, when determining the best stain remover for red wine, tomato sauce and beetroot juice, it was shown that Ultra was the most efficient stain remover, followed by vanish, water and then di-san.

Appendix: Class results: Red wine- charli Day 1: Solutions

Amount of red value 1

2

3

Average

Dry control (sheet on its own)

255

N/A

N/A

255

Wine control

115

174

91

126.3

Water

142

89

69

100

Vanish

123

121

143

129

Di-San

156

131

190

159

Coles ultra

118

134

141

131

Day 2: Solutions

Amount of red value 1

2

3

Average

Dry control (sheet on its own)

255

N/A

N/A

255

Wine control

117

178

82

125.6

Water

133

148

162

107.6

Vanish

102

137

191

143.3

Di-San

88

114

170

124

Coles ultra

144

103

137

128

Day 3: Solutions

Amount of red value 1

2

3

Average (1.dp)

Dry control (sheet on its own)

255

N/A

N/A

255

Wine control

225

152

170

192.3

Water

155

162

146

154.3

Vanish

110

94

94

99.3

Di-San

156

153

211

173.3

Coles ultra

195

197

198

196.6

Regan’s results - red wine: Vanish

Trial 1

Trial 2

Avg

controlled

165

164

164.5

water

122

132

121

Water + detergent

115

127

141

Ultra

Trial 1

Trial 2

Avg

controlled

184

168

176

water

136

146

141

Water + detergent

130

140

135

Di- san

Trial 1

Trial 2

Avg

controlled

178

173

175.5

Water

166

161

163.5

Water + detergent

154

156

159.5

Red Wine - Jarrad Taylor Vanish: control

water

vanish

Test 1

152

182

199

Test 2

200

182

207

Test 3

191

204

185

Averages

181

189.

197

control

water

Ultra

Test 1

157

168

167

Test 2

205

212

196

Test 3

221

204

207

Averages

194.3

194.6

190

control

water

Di san

Test 1

194

165

144

Test 2

202

171

159

Test 3

172

159

151

Averages

189.3

165

151.3

Ultra:

Di-San

Maddi’s Red wine Trial 1

Di San

Ultra

Vanish

Water

131

150

131

Water + detergent

129

146

131

Controlled

151

158

152

Trial 2 Di San

Ultra

Vanish

Water

172

125

139

Water + detergent

148

116

128

Controlled

182

147

153

Olivia's Beetroot Amount of red beetroot Trial 1

Trial 2

average

control

179

161

170

water

167

140

153.5

Disan + water

139

137

138

Red difference between control and water

40

24

32

Red difference between water and water + detergent

28

3

10.5

Trial 1

Trial 2

average

control

149

157

153

water

115

121

118

Vanish + water

109

111

110

Red difference between control and water

40

46

43

Red difference between water and water + detergent

6

10

8

Amount of red beetroot

Amount of red beetroot Trial 1

Trial 2

average

control

146

139

142.5

water

124

130

127

Ultra + water

101

103

102

Red difference between control and water

45

36

40.5

Red difference between water and water + detergent

23

27

25

Adam’s - Beetroot Trial 1

Trial 2

Vanish

Control

Water

Water + Detergent

Control

Water

Water + Detergent

Red reading

174

167

170

178

152

151

Trial 1

Trial 2

Ultra

Control

Water

Water + Detergent

Control

Water

Water + Detergent

Red reading

121

153

100

170

117

156

Trial 1

Trial 2

Di-San

Controlled

Water

Water + Detergent

Controlled

Water

Water + Detergent

Red reading

118

104

220

172

140

148

Ken’s beetroot Trial 1

Di-san

Trial 2

Controlled

Water

Detergent

Controlled

Water

detergent

115

116

113

150

122

136

Trial 1

Vanish Gold pro

Trial 2

Controlled

Water

Detergent

Controlled

Water

Detergent

117

104

115

117

110

124

Trail 1

Ultra Oxy action

Trail 2

Controlled

Water...