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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A GSM BASED ENERGY METER BY OLANREWAJU-GEORGE BABATUNDE (EE/08/0160) DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, MODIBBO ADAMA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY YOLA MAY, 2014 1 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A GSM BASED ENERG...

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A GSM BASED ENERGY METER

BY

OLANREWAJU-GEORGE BABATUNDE (EE/08/0160)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, MODIBBO ADAMA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY YOLA MAY, 2014

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A GSM BASED ENERGY METER BY OLANREWAJU-GEORGE BABATUNDE (EE/08/0160) A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, MODIBBO ADAMA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY YOLA, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING. MAY, 2014

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project report was written by me and it is a record of my own research work. It has not been presented before in any previous application for a bachelor’s degree. References made to published literature have been duly acknowledge

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DATE: ………………..……

OLANREWAJU- GEORGE BABATUNDE (STUDENT)

The above declaration is confirmed

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DATE: …………………....

ENGR. I. M. VISA (SUPERVISOR)

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CERTIFICATION This project entitled “Design and Construction of a GSM Based Energy Meter” by Olanrewaju-George Babatunde (EE/08/0160) meets the regulations governing the award of the bachelor’s degree of the Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentations.

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DATE: ……………………..

ENGR. I. M VISA (SUPERVISOR)

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DATE: ……………………….

ENGR. I. M VISA (HOD)

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DATE: ……………………..…

PROF. E .E OMIZEGBA (EXTERNAL EXAMINER)

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DEDICATION This project report is dedicated to the glory of Almighty God, who in His infinite mercies and grace began with me and brought me thus far.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In my sincere acknowledgement, I would say I am most grateful to God Almighty for his unending grace, love, favour, kindness towards me through my years of study. I appreciate my parents Mr& Mrs Aderemi Olanrewaju George whose unending care and support, prayers has been my refuge, my siblings (Adebayo and Adedapo, my elder sister and her family the Akpede’s and my adorable niece Fiyinfoluwa and nephew Feyigbola) for their love, prayers, care and support all the way. Also I acknowledge with deep appreciation my friend who like a brother has been there for me all the way, Tony Ekeyi. I express sincerely my gratitude to you Oluwakemi whose support, love and inspirations were never ending, I say a big thank you. I acknowledge the efforts of my lecturers and duly appreciate each and every one, from my HOD who also is my supervisor Engr. I.M Visa., Engr. A.S. Kadalla, Engr. Luka Mattew, Engr. I.A Usman, Dr. S.Y. Musa, Abel Ajibesin, Engr. Zara N. Oriolowo and Engr. A. Yahaya, Idris I Idris, Mallam Aminu, Dr. A. H Zummo, Pallam S. W. For the knowledge they all impacted on me through my years in this great department. Finally, I also appreciate my course mates for their support, Monica, Lord Miracle, Silas, Joel, Chiroma, Ankiri, Elijah, Samuel, Ifunaya, Munir, Daniel, Williams, Seid, Lanre, Dennis, Oyeyemi, Sadiq, Isa, Vitalis, Umar. For their care support and encouragement while i was the classrep. To everyone who has contributed in one way or the other, i want to say thank you to you all and God bless. Amen.

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ABSTRACT Wireless automation in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity and billing has come of age. Traditional metering methods for retrieving the energy data of consumers is not convenient. The present system of energy billing is error prone, time, resource and labour consuming. The problem worsens when consumers try to bypass meter units, thereby pay less than what is actually consumed or the case of overbilling by the Electricity Company as the case in many Nigerian houses. This paper presents the design and implementation of a GSM based remote operation of an energy meter which proffers the solution to power theft, consumption control, auto billing and payment, data logging and labour reduction in power distribution and management The objective of this project is to facilitate energy consumption measurement and its corresponding billing scheme. The materials and method deployed herein is the use of a microcontroller unit that continually monitors the meter interfaced with a GSM MODEM with a dedicated SIM for remote operations. The method used to carry out this project is the principle of serial communication in collaboration with embedded systems. The meter provides corresponding billing Information on a LCD screen.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS COVER PAGE …………………………………………………………………….. i TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………...................... ii DECLARATION ………………………………………………………………….. iii CERTIFICATION ………………………………………………………………… iv DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………………. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………..................... vi ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………. vii LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………. viii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………….………… 1 i.

BACKGROUND ……...……………………………………………….. 1

ii.

PROBLEM STATEMENT ……...…………………………………….. 2

iii.

OBJECTIVES ………………………………………………………….. 2

iv.

SIGNIFICANCE ……………………….………………………………. 3

v.

SCOPE …………………………………………………………………. 3

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………….........................5 2.1 HISTORY OF ELECTRIC ENERGY METERS …………………………….. 5

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2.11 DIRECT CURRENT (DC) ………………………………………………….. 5 2.12 ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) …………………………………………...6 2.2 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ……………………………………………….. 6 2.3 TYPES OF METERS …………………………………………………………...7 2.31 ELECTROMECHANICAL METERS ………………………………………..7 2.32 ELECTRONIC METERS ……………………………………………………. 9 2.33 SOLID STATE DESIGN ……………………………………………………...9 2.4 TAMPERING AND SECURITY IN ENERGY METERS …………………. .14 2.5 POWER LINE RELATED INTELLIGENT METERING (PRIME) ………….15 2.6 INTRODUCTION TO GSM NETWORK………………………………….….15 2.61 MESSAGING OVER GSM NETWORK…………………………………….16 2.62 GSM NETWORK STRUCTURE ……………………………………………17 CHAPTER THREE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE …………………….………..18 3.0 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………18 3.1 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ………………………………………………………18 3.2 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM …………………………………………………19 SECTION A. DESIGN PROCEDURE……………………………………………...19 3.3 HARDWARE DESIGN………………………………………………………....19 9

3.3.1 CIRCIUT ANALYSIS …………………………………………………………….19 3.3.2 REGULATED POWER SUPPLLY…………………………………………........20 3.3.3 BRIDGE RECTIFIER……………………………………………………………..20 3.3.4 FILTERING CAPACITORS………………………………………………………21 3.3.5 ZENER REGULATOR DESIGN ………………………………………….……..23 3.3.6 TRANSISTOR TIP 41……………………………………………………….…...25 3.3.7 LM317T VOLTAGE REGULATOR…………………………………………….25 3.3.8 RATED DC OUTPUT…………………………………………………………….27 3.3.9 CURRENT SENSING DESIGN……….…………………………..…..…………27 3.3.10 RELAY SWITCHING………………………………………………….……….32 3.3.11 THE MICROCONTROLLER UNIT…………………………………………....32 3.3.12 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR DESIGN……………………………………..……..36 3.3.13 LED INDICATORS………………………………………………………………37 3.3.14 THE BUZZER…………………………………………………………………….39 3.3.15 INTERFACING THE LCD WITH THE MICROCONTROLLER. ……………...39 3.3.16 INTERFACING THE GSM MODEM WITH MICROCONTROLLER…………41 3.3.17 THE MAX 232 IC…………………………………………………………………43 3.4 SOFTWARE DESIGN ………………………………………………………………46 SECTION B: CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE…………………………………….…49 10

3.5.1 CIRCIUT DESIGN USING PRINTED CIRCIUT BOARD (PCB) ………………49 3.5.2 CASING AND PACKAGING …………………………………………………….51 CHAPTER FOUR PERFORMANCE AND COST EVALUATION …………………………………….55 4.0 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION………………………………………………….55 4.1 DESIGN SIMULATION………………………………………………..……….......55 4.2 PERFORMANCE TEST…………………………………………………………….55 4.3 COST EVALUATION ……………………………………………………………...59 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………………….....63 5.1 SUMMARY ………………………………………………………………………..63 5.2 CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………….63 5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS …………………………………………………………..64 REFERNCES …………………………………………………………………………65

APPENDICE ............................................................................................................68

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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 3.1 PIC18F2550 FEATURES …………………………………………………33 TABLE 3.2 VALUE OF CAPACITOR USED ………………………………………...36 TABLE 3.3 LCD PIN FUNCTIONS ……………………………………………………40 TABLE 3.4 AT COMMAND AND RESPONSE ……………………………………….42 TABLE 4.1 SMS COMMAND AND FUNCTIONS ……………………………………59 TABLE 4.1 COST EVALUATION ……………………………………………………..60

LIST OF FIGURES FIG 2.1 A 3Ø electromechanical induction meter, metering 100 A 240/415 V supply…… 7 FIG 2.2 A digital meter……………………………………………………………………. 8 FIG 2.3 A solid state energy meter design …………………………………………..……. 9 FIG 2.4 PRIME core structure…………………………………………………………..…15 FIG 2.5 GSM network structure ……………………………………………………………17 FIG 3.1 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM…………………………………………………...19 FIG. 3.2 POWER RECTIFICATION CIRCUIT..…………………………………………20 FIG.3.3 ZENER REGULATOR CIRCUIT …………………………………………..........24 FIG. 3.4 TIP 41 BUFFER TRANSISTOR …………………………………………….......25 FIG. 3.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LM317T ……………………………………………….26

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FIG. 3.6 LM 317T IN CIRCUIT REGULATION ………………………………..……26 FIG. 3.7 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ACS755-100CB ………………….28 FIG. 3.8 OUTPUT VOLTAGE VS SENSED CURRENT OF ACS755 AT 5.0 V POWER SUPPLY AND VARYING TEMPERATURE………………………………………….29 FIG. 3.9 CURRENT SENSOR CIRCUITRY …………………………………………..30 FIG. 3.10 THE RELAY CIRCUIT …………………..………………………………….31 FIG. 3.11 THE PIC18F2550 PIN CONFIGURATION …………………………………33 FIG.3.12 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PIC18F2550…………………………………………35 FIG.3.13 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT ………………………………………...37 FIG. 3.14 LED SCHEMATIC SYMBOL AND I-V CHARACTERISTICS CURVES SHOWING THE DIFFERENT COLOURS AVAILABLE………………...……………38 FIG. 3.15 SERIES LED CONNECTION …………………..……………………………38 FIG.3.16 LCD ……………………………………………………………………………40 FIG. 3.17 SMART GSM MODEM ……………………………………………………...41 FIG.3.18 INSERTING/REMOVING THE SIM CARD INTO THE MODEM …………42 FIG.3.19 TYPICAL OPERATING CIRCUIT OF THE MAX 232 IC …………………..44 FIG.3.20 THE MAX 232 INTERFACED WITH DB9 CONNECTOR TO MODEM ……44 FIG.3.21 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF GSM BASED ENERGY METER …………………45 FIG. 3.23 FLOWCHART OF PROGRAMME …………………………………………….48

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FIG. 3.24 PCB LAYOUT …………………………………………………………………..50 FIG. 3.25 PLY WOOD SURFACE MOUNTING ………………………………………….51 FIG. 3.26 TOP VIEW OF CASING ………………………………………………………...52 FIG. 3.27 INSIDE VIEW OF PVC CASING ………………………………………………52

LIST OF PLATES PLATE 3.1 SOLDERED COMPONENTS MOUNTED ON PCB ………………………...50 PLATE 3.2 SET UP OF GSM BASED ENERGY METER ……………………………..…53 PLATE 3.3 CASING OF METER UNIT SHOWING THE COMPONENTS AND GSM MODEM …………………………………………………………………………………….54 PLATE 4.1 THE METER UNIT INDICATING MODEM IS CONNECTED……………...55 PLATE 4.2 THE METER UNIT WITH LOAD CONNECTED ……………………………55 PLATE 4.3 LCD SCREEN INDICATING ENERGY CONSUMPTION DETAILS ………56 PLATE 4.4 LCD SCREEN INDICATING THE METER CHECKING FOR SMS ………..56 PLATE 4.5 SCREEN SHOT OF SMS RECEIVED FROM THE METER UNIT ………….57

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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 BACKGROUND Today, humanity can be classified as living in a “machine society” where technological tools are predominantly at different levels, interfacing in the day–to-day activity of man. These livelihood activities constitute and deliver economic, social and political benefits and potential risks to the survivability of nations –especially developing nations like ours. Electricity has become one of the basic requirements of human civilization, being widely deployed for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes. In spite of the very well developed sources of electricity, there are a number of problems with distribution, metering, billing and control of consumption. Electricity is one of the vital requirements for sustainment of comforts of life and so it should be used very judiciously for its proper utilization [1]. But in our country we have lot of localities where we have surplus supply for the electricity while many areas do not even have access to it. Our policies of its distribution are also partially responsible for this because we are still not able to correctly estimate our exact requirements and still power theft is prevailing [1]. On the other hand consumers are also not satisfied with the services of power companies, most of the time they have complaints regarding statistical errors in their monthly bills. Thus this project presents an innovation towards the minimization of technical errors and reduction in human dependency at the same time. With the help of this project the monthly energy consumption of a consumer will be received from a remote location directly. In this way human effort needed to record the meter readings which are till now recorded by visiting

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every home individually is reduced. This results in considerable loss of human hours and also provides considerable details regarding the average consumption of a locality so that power supply can be made according to these data. This will help the officials in deciding the specifications of transformers and other instruments required in power transmission and distribution. This idea is economically efficient as well because the meter reading can be gotten at a very low cost. The implementation is done in such a way that a SMS is delivered to the GSM MODEM whose reading is to be noted and then that meter replies to the server in the SMS format and it is known that SMS costs are very low. The GSM AMR takes the advantage of available GSM infrastructure nationwide coverage and the Short Messaging System (SMS) cell broadcasting feature to request and retrieve individual houses and building power consumption reading back to the energy provider wirelessly.

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT In Conventional metering system to measure electricity consumption the energy provider company hire persons to visit each house and record meter reading manually which is used for billing, the bill then sent to consumer by post or hand delivery, this is not only sluggish but laborious, with the company having no control over these meters. There is a stark amount of revenue loss being incurred by our country due to energy theft which is a serious problem, people try to manipulate meter reading by adopting various corrupt practices such as current reversal, partial earth fault condition, bypass meter, magnetic interference etc. [2]. With the aid of this project a definite solution is proffered which allows power companies to have total control over energy meters and have real time information of same from a remote location with little human effort and at reduced cost as compared to conventional methods. 16

1.2 OBJECTIVE The purpose of this project is the remote monitoring and control of the domestic energy meter; its aims includes: to design a circuit which continuously monitors the meter reading and sends message to electricity company, programming of the GSM MODEM with AT (Attention) command sequence, interfacing the programmable chip with the personal computer, interfacing the programmable chip with the energy meter, interfacing of GSM MODEM with the programmable chip, sending messages from the remote phone to control device.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE The significance of these project benefits the Consumers of electric service and the electric services company as it provides precise consumption information, clear and accurate billing, automatic outage information and faster recovery, better and faster customer service, smart automated processes instead of manual work, accurate information from the network load to optimise maintenance and investments, detection of tampering of meters, demand and distribution management, better company credibility, consumer meter reading which eliminates cost and inadequacies of manual reading, observation and control of energy consumption and production, this is useful for planning and power allocation purposes. The project provides learning’s on the following advancements in terms of theory practice: GSM modem interfacing to Microcontroller, PC interfacing with GSM modem, energy meter interfacing to Microcontroller, embedded C programming, PCB (printed circuit board) design, LCD interfacing to Microcontroller.

1.4 SCOPE The scope of this project is to design and construct GSM based a one phase two wire energy meter with voltage rating of 220V, current of 25 -100A operating at 50Hz and interfaced 17

with a microcontroller unit and GSM module with a LCD with the wireless communication features over SMS. Within the scope of this project, the prototype model is equipped with a dedicated SIM (Subscriber Identification Module).

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CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW An electricity meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, business, or an electrically powered device. Electricity meters are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour (kWh). The electric power company which supplies the electricity installs the electric meters to measure the amount of electricity consumed by each of its customers. [3] Researchers have proposed different implementation techniques for Automatic Meter Reading (AMR). One as discussed in this report is the GSM based Automatic Meter Reading System which uses the GSM network for communicating with the meter.

2.1 HISTORY OF ELECTRIC ENERGY METERS 2.11 DIRECT CURRENT (DC) As commercial use of electric energy spread in the 1880s, it became increasingly important that an electric energy meter was required to properly bill customers for the cost of energy. Edison at first worked on a DC electromechanical meter with a direct reading register, but instead developed an electrochemical metering system, which used an electrolytic cell to totalize current consumption. At periodic intervals the plates were removed, weighed, and the customer billed. [3] An early type of electrochemical meter used in the United Kingdom was the 'Reason' meter. This consisted of a vertically mounted glass structure with a mercury reservoir at the top of the meter. As current was drawn from the supply, electrochemical action transferred the mercury to the bottom of the column. Like all other DC meters, it recorded ampere-hours. Once 19

the mercury pool was exhausted, the meter became an open circuit. It was therefore necessary for the consumer to pay for a further supply of electricity. The first accurate, recording electricity consumption meter was a DC meter by Dr Hermann Aron, who patented it in 1883. [3]

2.12 ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) The first specimen of the AC kilowatt-hour meter produced on the basis of Hungarian Ottó Bláthy's patent and named after him. These were the first alternating-current watt-hour meters, known by the name of Bláthy-meters. Also around 1889, Elihu Thomson of the American General Electric company developed a recording watt meter (watt-hour meter) based on an ironless commutator motor. This meter overcame the disadvantages of the electrochemical type and could operate on either alternating or direct current. [3] In 1894 Oliver Shallenberger of the Westinghouse Electric Corporation applied the induction principle previously used only in AC ampere-hour meters to produce a watt-hour meter of the modern electromechanical form, using an induction disk whose rotational speed was made proportional to the power in the circuit. Although the induction meter would only work on alternating current, it eliminated the delicate and troublesome commutator of the Thomson design. [3]

2.2 UNIT OF MEASUREMENT The most common unit of measurement on the electri...