DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION SMART SOLAR-POWERED AUTOMATIC WASTE SEGREGATING MACHINE WITH IMAGE PROCESSING AND MONITORING PDF

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Page 1 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER STUDIES DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION SMART SOLAR-POWERED AUTOMATIC WASTE SEGREGATING MACHINE WITH IMAGE PROCESSING AND MONITORING A Thesis Proposal presented to the College of Engineering and Computer Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the ...

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1 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER STUDIES

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION SMART SOLAR-POWERED AUTOMATIC WASTE SEGREGATING MACHINE WITH IMAGE PROCESSING AND MONITORING

A Thesis Proposal presented to the College of Engineering and Computer Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering

Aguda, John Darell C. Bondad, Mariah Rayah D. Borcer, Jessa Marie S.

Technical Adviser:

Thesis Adviser: Engr. Favis Joseph C. Balinado

May 2018

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APPROVAL SHEET This research paper entitled Design and Implementation of a Smart SolarPowered Automatic Waste Segregating Machine With Image Processing and Monitoring prepared and submitted by John Darell C. Aguda, Mariah Rayah D. Bondad, Jessa Marie S. Borcer in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering has been examined and is recommended for acceptance and approval for Oral Defense.

Engr. Favis Joseph C. Balinado Thesis Adviser

Approved by the Commitee on Oral Examination

Engr. Rio B. Aguilar

Engr. Enrique B. Pioquinto

Panelist 1

Panelist 2

Dr. Neil P. Balba Panel Chair

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics Enginering

Engr. Ricky V. Bustamante Dean, College of Engineering and Computer Studies

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Chapter 1 Introduction This chapter lays out the design of the study and provides information on the development of environment and management, product and process innovation and robotics. A summary is provided to attend as key reference of the research. It also poses the background of the study, statement of the problem, significance, and objective of the study. The scope and limitations of the research is also depicted by the end of the chapter.

1.1 Background of the Study According to the studies made by Alicia Castillo et al. (2013), about 35,580 tons of garbage is generated every day in the Philippines. On the average, around 0.5 kg and 0.3 kg of garbage are produced by each person every day in the urban and rural areas, respectively. In Metro Manila alone, an approximate of 8, 636 tons of garbage is collected daily. Majority of the waste came from the household which yields 74% of the total. Furthermore, from this percentage, 95% of which are solid waste that can be reused, 43% can still be recycled and 52% can be turned into compost. [1]

The economic value of the waste generated is not understood unless it is recycled completely. Several advancements in technology [2] has also allowed the refuse to be processed into useful entities such as waste to energy, where the waste can be used to generate eco-friendly gas (ecogas or synthetic gas) made up of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The gas is then burnt to produce electricity and steam; waste to fuel, where the waste can be utilized to generate bio fuels.

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When the waste is segregated into its respective streams such as wet, dry, and metallic, the waste has a higher prospective of recovery and therefore, recycled and reused. The liquid deposits are often transformed into compost, methane-gas or both. Chemical fertilizer can be harvested from compost and biogas can aid in the demand of energy. The metallic waste, on the other hand, can be reused or recycled.

Even though there are public and private sectors that segregate waste, it is always better to have it sorted from its source. This way, a higher quality of the material is retained which means that more value can be recovered from waste [3]. Another benefit is occupational hazard for waste workers is minimized. Time can also be saved since the segregated waste can be directly sent to the recycling and processing plant.

Currently, there is no system of segregation of dry, wet, and metallic wastes at a household level. Amrutha Chandramohan (2014) has recommended the most appropriate technological option for safe management for a least cost should be developed. [4] The purpose of this project is the realization of a compact, low cost, and user-friendly segregation system for urban households to streamline the waste management process.

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1.2 Objectives of the Study Main Objective: To create a prototype that segregates solid waste into its respective bins and to aid in recycling wastes from households and commercial areas.

Specific Objectives: 1. To develop a software that will recognize the different solid waste inserted in the machine. 2. To create a prototype that will utilize the software and be applied to technical use. 3. To test and implement the prototype in households and communities.

1.3 Significance of the Study The main significance of the study is to create and implement a Smart SolarPowered Automatic Waste Segregating Machine with Image Processing and Monitoring. Developing a waste segregating machine that is environment friendly would answer one of the problems of the world which is growing amount of wastes that people produce. Through automation, it will be much easier to collect and sort the wastes that human produce. It is environment friendly because it saves energy by the use of a solar panel which is a renewable energy source.

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1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study The scope of the study generally focused on developing an automatic waste segregating machine which is capable of segregating plastic, paper, metallic, and glass waste products based on their chemical properties and mass using Arduino Mega 2650 for implementing the movement of the prototype and Raspberry Pi for dictating the time it will be implemented. This is monitored using various sensors and the image processing mechanism. It sends an alert signal to notify the status of the bins installed. However, the prototype is not equipped in removing solid or liquid contents of the containers. It has to be done manually. The Arduino Mega 2650 along with Raspberry Pi and other electronic hardware will be powered by 12V DC power adapter.

1.5 Definition of Terms Sensors are sophisticated devices that are frequently used to detect and respond to electrical or optical signals. A Sensor converts the physical parameter (for example: temperature, blood pressure, humidity, speed, etc.) into a signal which can be measured electrically. [5] Direct Current (DC) is uni-directional, so the flow of charge is always in the same direction. As opposed to alternating current, the direction and amperage of direct current does not change. It is used in many household electronics and in all devices that use batteries. [6] LCD (liquid crystal display) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. [7]

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Microcontroller (MCU or µC) is a self-contained system with peripherals, memory and a processor that can be used as an embedded system. Most programmable microcontrollers that are used today are embedded in other consumer products or machinery including phones, peripherals, automobiles and household appliances for computer systems. Due to that, another name for a microcontroller is "embedded controller." Some embedded systems are more sophisticated, while others have minimal requirements for memory and programming length and a low software complexity. Input and output devices include solenoids, LCD displays, relays, switches and sensors for data like humidity, temperature or light level, amongst others. [8] Motor (electrical) is the electro-mechanical machine which converts the electrical energy into mechanical energy. In other words, the devices which produce rotational force is known as the motor. The working principle of the electric motor mainly depends on the interaction of magnetic and electric field. The electric motor is mainly classified into two types. They are the AC motor and the DC motor. The AC motor takes alternating current as an input, whereas the DC motor takes direct current. [9] AC/DC Power Adapter is an external power supply used with devices that run on batteries or have no other power source. AC adapters help reduce the size of a laptop computer by alleviating the need for a standard sized power supply. As shown in the image, an AC adapter is made up of a central unit which draws power from an AC outlet. It then converts the power to DC that is used by the computer, and a second cord that plugs into the computer. [10]

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Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter cited different studies and articles that relate to different ways of waste segregation, both manually and automated. Each literature and studies are carefully analyzed and sorted by the researchers. These studies helped the researchers to come up with the development of automated waste segregating machine. A tabular comparison of the studies as well as the synthesis is provided by the end of the chapter.

2.1 Present Waste Management Status In a year-end Solid Waste Management (SWM) report conducted by the Senate Economic Planning Office (SEPO) in 2017, solid waste management remains a main challenge in the Philippines especially in the urban areas, majority in Metropolitan Manila. Improper waste disposal, inefficient waste collection and deficiency in facilities for waste disposal are among the leading matters in the country’s waste management. It continues to rise as the population, living standards, rapid economic growth and industrialization increases throughout the years. [11]

This is supported by the records of the National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC). The Commission calculated that from 37,427.46 tons per day in 2012, the country’s waste generation gradually increased to 40,087.45 tons in 2016 with an estimated average per capita waste generation of 0.40 kilograms per day for both urban and rural. The National Capital Region (NCR) generated the largest volume yield for the past five years. With an estimated population of 12 million people, Metro Manila produced 9,212.92 tons per day of wastes in 2016. It is followed by Region 4A with waste generation of 4,440.15 tons per day (11.08%) and Region 3 with 3,890.12 tons per day (9.70 %). [12]

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At a global level, during 2016, the total amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) reached 2.02 billion tones, representing a 7% annual increase since 2003 (Global Waste Management Market Report 2016). It is also estimated that between 2011 and 2016, global generation of municipal waste will rise by 37.3%, equivalent to roughly 8% increase per year. [13]

On the other hand, the government sought to provide a long term solution to this growing problem through a more strict implementation of the Republic Act 9003 (RA9003) or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. RA9003 provides extensive measures of waste minimization including waste reduction at sources, reuse, recycling, and composting while it requires collaborative efforts of all the relevant stakeholders, i.e. government, business, non-government organizations (NGOs), and citizens under the leadership of local government unit (LGU), who holds the primary responsibility for SWM to achieve this common goal. [14]

2.2 Current Means of Disposal of Solid Waste Management In the Philippines, the most common practice of waste disposal is by unplanned and uncontrolled open dumping at the landfill sites. This, however, is dangerous to all living things. This unsafe method of waste disposal can generate liquid residues which can infect the surface and ground waters; can cultivate disease vectors which can cause the spread of harmful diseases; can degrade aesthetic value of the natural environment and can unveil the use of land resources [15].

The authorities believe that there is a higher rate of minimizing the generation of solid waste if it will be regulated directly from its source. This way, a higher quality of the material is retained which means that more value can be recovered from waste. The liquid deposits, for example, are often transformed into compost, methane-gas or both. Chemical fertilizer can be harvested from compost and biogas

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can aid in the demand of energy. The metallic waste, on the other hand, can be reused or recycled. [16]

To support this, the Department of Environment (DENR) through the NSWMC outlined the Guidelines for Mandatory Solid Waste Segregation-at-source and Segregated Collection and Recovery or Let’s Go Green project which states that a set of trash bins that abides the color coding prescribed by the DENR are required to be adopted in all communities. Such trash bins will contain only the waste designated to each color, Green for biodegradable, Blue for recyclable, Red for household toxic and hazardous waste and Black for residual waste. Designated garbage trucks will be scheduled to pick up the trash bins and disposed only in the allocated dump sites and landfills authorized by the DENR. [17]

On the contrary, though the Color-Coded bins were successfully employed in the rural and urban communities, the wastes remained unsegregated. One unforeseen dilemma is that there is lack of activities initiated by the local government to educate the public about the waste that they generate.

2.3 Automatic Lid Opening Waste Segregating Machine In the paper presented by M.K.Pushpa et al., the proposition of an automated waste segregating machine is highly feasible. The 8051 microcontroller is the heart of the system. It controls the working and timing of all the subsections including the sensors that will detect the properties of the materials. An open-close mechanism was used to regulate the flow of the waste. An inductive sensor detects if the object is metallic or non-metallic. If it is, the conveyor will transport the object to the bin assigned to metallic objects. If it’s not, the high speed blower will determine if it is wet or dry based on its weight. The prototype yields an almost perfect result but is only limited in metallic, wet and dry segregation. It also lacks identification if the

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dry waste is plastic or paper. The segregation also takes an approximate of one minute to identify the object. In the design, the object sizes are only limited to the size of the open-close mechanism. [18]

Moreover, in the study conducted by Suwon Shin and Kaiyuan Fan, the trash bin lid is integrated to automatically open when a user is nearby. An indicator is also added to specify the content status of the trash bin. A capacitive proximity sensor was used to identify the non-metallic objects. An Arduino microcontroller was used to operate all of the added procedures. The separation of metallic and non-metallic objects (i.e. paper, plastic, etc.) is more accurate but consumes too much power. Each bin is connected to different power supply thus considered as not economical for everyday use. [19]

2.4 Solar-Powered Reverse Trash Vending Machine In relation to the study of A.M.Rubio and J.P.Lazaro, Solar Powered Reverse Trash Vendo Machine was developed to help lessen the improper waste disposal practices of Filipino citizens, to encourage recycling, and to apply the idea of green engineering. The project was capable of detecting the scanned materials either a plastic bottle or aluminum can, with a respective monetary value of compensation each. The Gizduino X ATMega 1281 controls the entire process along with the Gizduino 644 microcontroller board. The Gizduino was used from determining the input and the outputs of the LCD display, to the crushing of the input, to the dispensing of equivalent monetary value of the inputs, and up to the communication between the device and the owner through the GSM shield and the Android messaging application. The proponents successfully integrated the concept of trash bin and reverse vending machines into a device that is economic and environmental friendly. [20]

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2.5 Smart Waste Segregating Machine and Waste Monitoring Another study of Kayva M. et al., Sensor Based Smart Dustbin for Waste Segregation and Status Alert, was developed to sort the mixed trash into metallic, wet and dry. The proponents used ARM microcontroller, GSM module, Infrared (IR) Sensor, Metal Sensor and Moisture Sensor. Three separate storage based dustbin was designed for automatic waste collection and segregation. The sensors segregate the collected waste and the microcontroller initiates the arm to collect the waste. The IR sensor was attached to the dustbin to determine whether it was full or empty. And as soon as the IR sensor senses that the dustbin reached its maximum capacity, a message will be sent through a GSM module to notify the trash management personnel that it was completely filled and the trash collection for the whole community should be scheduled. [21]

A study was conducted in Kerala India (Aleena V., et al 2017) proposed an automatic waste segregator (AWS) and monitoring system in response to the increasing occurrence of improper waste management in relation to their increasing population. It is a machine that sorts waste whether it is plastic, metallic or organic in material. Its system is controlled by an Arduino Uno board which was interfaced with combinations of an ultrasonic sensors, an inductive proximity sensor, a DC motors, a blower and an electro magnet. It has an open close mechanism with a use of 12 V DC geared motor and L293D that control the waste that falls on the belt after an ultrasonic sensor at the inlet detects waste. It has a conveyor belt that uses four 12V DC to move waste. The gear assembly of DC motors helps in increasing the torque and reducing the speed hence, it can be controlled by any desirable figure. In the process of categorization of waste products, the principle of an inductive proximity sensor was used to sort out metallic wastes. The machine consists of a robotic arm with an electromagnet fixed on its arm that can be quickly changed by controlling the amount of electric current in winding. It has a feature of base rotation

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and single plane shoulder. On the other hand, a blower that is controlled by a relay separates plastic or paper wastes, dry or wet, based on their weight and density. An Ultrasonic sensor is placed on the inlet and outlet. Therefore, whenever bins have been filled, a short message will be given through a GSM module as a means of monitoring. Upon testing, it shows that the machine sorting of waste at the initial stage appears more effective. Also, dustbins are cleared when being filled therefore leads to a more hygienic environment. It also includes lower initial investment with lower cost of installation. [22]

2.6 Waste Collecting and Segregating Machine According to Ang F., et al. (2018) recycling centers in Philippines do manual labor to properly segregate wastes which...