Dev Bio Exam 2 Review Questions PDF

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developmental biology review/test questions for exam 2...

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DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (BIO 303), Fall 2016 EXAM 2 Use these questions to prepare for the exam. Please note that some question that you find here refer to material not discussed yet. New questions will be generated in the actual exam based on the material discussed before the exam.

1) Which of these is not a Juxtacrine signaling protein? a Juxtacrine- cell membrane proteins interacting with receptors on an adjacent cell surface b FGF, Hedgehog, Wnt, TFG-b c Notch is a juxtacrine signaling protein 2) The Wnt receptor… a Wnt binds to Glypican, a HSPG, on a nearby cell when secreted. Glypican transfers Wnt to the Frizzled receptor, causing a secretion of Notum to cleave Wnt’s lipids 3) An important consequence of canonical Wnt signaling is a Transcription of Wnt target genes 4) The fibronectin receptor is a integrin 5) Which of the following genes are expressed during amphibian eye induction? a Otx2, Pax6, Sox3 6) The ability of a cell to respond to a specific inductive signal is… a Competence, usually via a receptor 7) In the absence of a Wnt signal cytosolic β-catenin…. a Is degraded by a GSK3, axin, APC complex by phosphorylating it and adding a ubiquitin tag for degradation 8) High levels of Activin induce a Goosecoid 9) Heparan Sulfate ProteoGlycans are important for a HSPG’s are important for directing diffusion of Fgf8, slide 88 b Fostering the congregation and secretion of hedgehog molecules as lipoprotein assemblies c Glypican, a type of HSPG, keeps secreted Wnt close to the secreting cell 10) Eye lens can be induced…. a By an optic vesicle which secretes BMP and Fgf8 b By Pax6, a paracrine factor required for the surface ectoderm to respond to the inductive signal of the optic vesicle 11) During Epithelial-mesenchymal transition…

a

The mesenchymal cell, originally part of the epithelial, receives paracrine signals to release itself from the basement membrane by dissociating the apical polarity complexes and adheren junctions binding them to adjacent cells

12) Defective cholesterol synthesis can affect which of the following signaling pathways? a Hedgehog secretion 13) Thanatotropic dysplasia is the result of a FgfR3 gain of function mutation causes constitutive activation of STAT pathway b Block of chondrocyte proliferation 14) Which of the following molecules are part of the Hedgehog signaling pathway a Smoothened b Patched c PKA d Slimb e Ci (drosophila) f Gli (vertebrates) 15) Wnt1 non canonical pathway1 a Mediates cell morphology, division, and movement b Wnt binds to Ror and Frizzled at cell surface c Influences cell behavior d AKA Wnt/calcium pathway 16) Regional specificity experiments of Saunders proved that a Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions b Regional specificity of induction in chick development c Researchers can separate the epithelial and mesenchyme layer and recombine them in different ways i The same epithelium develops cutaneous structures according to the region from which the mesenchyme was taken ii The mesencyhem plays an instructive role calling into play different sets of genes in the responding epithelial cells 17) At the time of sperm entry the mammalian egg nucleus a The fast block changes membrane potential via Na influx b Is followed by the slow block, cortical reaction 18) At the time of sperm entry the sea urchin egg has already generated… a 3 polar bodies 19) The Sea Urchin acrosome reaction involves 1. FSP (fucose sulfated polysaccharide) binding to receptor on sperm plasma membrane 2. Calcium influx inducing phospholipase enzyme to make IP3 3. IP3 releases Ca from acrosome 4. Elevated Ca triggers acrosomal release 20) Hedgehog signaling, in the absence of hedgehog….

a b

Smoothened is degraded Ci (drosophila) and Gli (vertebrates) inhibitors are bound to DNA

21) The fast block to polyspermy in sea urchins is obtained by a Changing membrane potential from -70mV to +20mV 22) In the absence of hedgehog signal 23) Which one of the following configuration is classic in Canonical Wnt signaling a Wnt canonical patway, or beta-catenin pathway, stabilizes b-catenin so that it enters the nucleus and associates with TCF (T cell factor), also known as LEF (lymphoid enhacer factor) to activate gene transcription b Wnt binds to LRP5/6 and frizzled receptor changing LRP5/6’s conformation so that it binds Axin and GSK3 inside the cell. Frizzled binds Disheveled which locks the proteins bound to LRP5/6 24) Signals that lead to the formation of IP3 induce a IP3 releases Ca from inside of the sperm b Phospholipase enzyme makes IP3 c Elevated Ca triggers acrosomal release 25) Juxtacrine signals are crucial to recruit cells from distal part of the embryo 26) The specific response to an inducer is determined by 27) The sperm activating protein Resact is recognized by a Receptor Guanylyl Cyclase (RGC) 28) Sperm Activating Proteins (SAPs) lead to a An influx of Ca which increase ATP synthesis and flagellar motility towards the egg 29) Which of the following molecules plays a key role in controlling the release of Ca2+ from the intracellular stores? a IP3 (an inositol phosphate) in sperm releases Ca from acrosome 30) Bindin receptors are expressed … a On sperm cell acrosomes 31) Introduction of bindin coated beads in a sperm and egg suspension would lead to agglutination of a Eggs of the same species of the origin of the bindin 32) Phospolipase C a Catalyzes PIP2 to IP3 33) Morphogens activate different genes based on a Gradients? 34) Notch signaling relies on a Proximity of cells (juxtacrine signal)

b c

A neighboring cell containing Jagged, Serrate, or Delta to activate it Cleavage of the cytoplasmic domain by presenilin-1 protease

35) During sperm formation…. 36) How many polar bodies are generated in during… 37) Loss of Wnt4 affects a Ovary formation b Kidneys 38)How many polar bodies will be present on… 39) Veratrum Californicum can have a teratogenic effect by a Blocking ability of cells to respond to the hedgehog signaling protein b Removing the cholesterol adduct of Shh 40) Egg fertilization leads to 41) Lack of functional dynein a Inhibits sperm motility 42) Depending on the species the female gamete can be … a Larger or smaller than the sperm b Fertilized at different points during meiosis 43) Which of these sentence is true. 44)

The active transcriptional complex downstream BMP … a Induces bone formation b Interact with BMPR’s (receptors) c Results in mobilization of SMAD proteins i BMPs, BMPRs, and SMADs are important for heart, CNS, cartilage, and post-natal bone development

45) Cytonemes… a Are specialized filopodia that transport signaling proteins between cells b Establish a hedgehog (hh) protein gradient c Wnt8a and receptor Lrp6 are at tips 46) Noggin is a

An inhibitor of BMP

47) Which of the following factors play a role in controlling the diffusion distance of paracrine factors 48) Swim mutants a Have poor diffusion of Wnt, slide 85

49) Sonic hedgehog signaling is primarily detected at the level of 50) Which of the following molecules is involved in Notch signaling pathway 51) The Retinoic acid (RA) plays an important role in controlling gamete formation via a Arresting cell division during oogenesis b Transcribing Stra8 (transcription factor) to promote DNA synthesis and meiotic division, slide 110 52) During the process of spermiogenesis… 53) Which of the following molecular mechanism is important in controlling sperm attraction in sea urchins? a Resact (a sperm activating protein) binds to RGC on sperm which modifies GTP to cGMP. cGMP opens calcium channels so that there is an influx of Ca. Ca increases ATP production and flagellar movement 54) During the process of chromosomal crossing over a Cohesion rings encircle sister chromatids and recruit proteins that promote pairing of homologs 55) Primordial germ cells… a Are formed in the posterior region of an embryo and migrate to the gonads to induce gonadal development b Are surrounded by cells secreting SCF (stem cell factor) 56) Notum is a An antagonizer of Wnt b Removes the lipid off of Wnt 57) GSK plays an important role in controlling gene transcription by a By phosphorylating b-carotene which inhibits transcription b If GSK is bound to membrane by disheveled, b-catenin will transcribe 58) The acrosome reaction in sea urchins is triggered by a Sulfated polysaccharides binding to receptor on sperm 59) Bindin is expressed in a The sperm head 60) The fast block of polyspermy is sea urchin … a Is accomplished by a change in membrane potential via Na influx (from -70mV to +20mV) b Lasts about 1 minute 61) Mutations affecting dynein can lead to a Dynein is responsible for sperm motility (beating of flagella) 62) Which of the following events is important for the slow block of polyspermy in sea urchin? a Cortical granule reaction

i ii

b

Granules fuse with membrane for exocytosis Induced by wave of Ca across egg 1 Induced by IP3 Separation between the membrane and vitelline envelope...