Electron Configuration Activity 2 PDF

Title Electron Configuration Activity 2
Author Zyad Khan
Course American Government: A New Perspective
Institution Harvard University
Pages 12
File Size 396.9 KB
File Type PDF
Total Downloads 79
Total Views 146

Summary

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Description

Na me :Z y a dKh a n

Da t e :

Pe r i o d : 3

AP ARTMENTEL ECT RONCONFI GURATI ON Ba c k g r oun dI n f o r ma t i on: Th ea r r a n g e me n t o f e l e c t r o n swi t h i nt h eo r b i t a l so f a na t o mi sk n o wn a st h ee l e c t r o nc o n fi g u r a t i o n . T h emo s t s t a b l ea r r a n g e me n t i sc a l l e dt h eg r o u n d s t a t ee l e c t r o n c o n fi g u r a t i o n . Th i si st h ec o n fi g u r a t i o nwh e r ea l l o f t h ee l e c t r o n si na na t o mr e s i d ei nt h el o we s t e n e r g yo r b i t a l sp o s s i b l e .Ke e p i n gi nmi n ds e v e r a l “ r u l e s ” t h a t t h ee l e c t r o n smu s t o b e y , wea r e a b l et op r e d i c t t h ee l e c t r o nc o n fi g u r a t i o n so f e l e me n t su s i n gt h ee l e c t r o no r b i t a l d i a g r a msa n d p e r i o d i ct a b l e . El e c t r o nOr b i t a l Di a g r a m T h ed i s t r i b u t i o n so f o r b i t a l sc a nb el a i d o u t i nt h ee l e c t r o no r b i t a l d i a g r a m p i c t u r e dt ot h el e f t . Y o ur e a di t f r o mt h e b o t t o m( o r c l o s e s t t ot h en u c l e u s )t o t h et o pi no r d e r o f i n c r e a s i n ge n e r g y .

 I n c r e a s i nge ne r gy

T h eb o t t o me n e r g yl e v e l i s l e v e l 1i t h a st h el o we s t e n e r g y .Ea c h""r e p r e s e n t s a no r b i t a l . Y o uc a ns e et h a t t h e r ei s1o r b i t a l f o r a ns s u b s h e l l .Th e r ea r e3o r b i t a l s f o r aps u b s h e l l , 5f o r ad , a n d 7f o r a nf s u b s h e l l .Ea c h or b i t a l c a nho l d2 e l e c t r o ns .T h e r e f o r e , t h es s u b s h e l l c a nh o l d2e l e c t r o n s ; t h epc a nh o l d6 ; t h edc a nh o l d1 0 ; a n dt h ef c a nh o l d Nuc l e us 1 4 . a r y

Su bs he l l

Numb e ro f Or bi t a l s

Sha peo f or b i t a l

s p d

1 3 5

Sph e r e Dumb b e l l s Cl o v e r 1

Ma xnumbe rof e l e c t r o ns 1 x 2=2 3 x 2=6 5 x 2=1 0

f

7

Not d e fin e d

2

7 x 2=1 4

Apa r t me n t Ana l o gy I ma g i n ey o ua r et h el a n d l o r do f av e r ys t r a n g ea p a r t me n t b u i l d i n g . Y o u r j o bi st ofi l l t h ea p a r t me n t si n t h eb u i l d i n gi nt h emo s t e ffic i e n t wa yp o s s i b l e . Y o ua r er e q u i r e db yt h eo wn e r o f t h eb u i l d i n gt ofi l l t h e r o o msi nac e r t a i nwa y . Th er u l e sy o uh a v et of o l l o wa r ea ss t r a n g ea st h eb u i l d i n gb e c a u s eq u a n t u m me c h a n i c si sn o t l i k ea n y t h i n gy o umi g h t h a v ee x p e c t e d . T h er u l e sa r es u mma r i z e di nt h et a b l eb e l o w. I nt h eb u i l d i n gt h ed i ff e r e n t fl o o r sa r el i k et h ed i ff e r e n t e n e r g yl e v e l s( o r s h e l l s )i na na t o m. T h ee n e r g l e v e l sa r en u mb e r e ds t a r t i n gf r o mo n e , j u s t l i k et h efl o o r si na na p a r t me n t . Ea c hr o o mc o r r e s p o n d st o o n eo r b i t a l . T h er o o msh a v eac a p a c i t yo f t woe l e c t r o n s( t wop e o p l e ) e a c h . I ne a c hr o o mo n l yama n a n dawo ma nma yb ep a i r e dt o g e t h e r . I nt h es t r a n g ewo r l do f q u a n t u mme c h a n i c st h e r ea r en os a me g e n d e r r o o mma t e s .

Apa r t me nt Rul e s

A

F r o mt heBo t t o m Up:Ro o msmu s tb efi l l e df r o mt h eg r o u n dfl o o ru p .F i l lt h eo n e r o o mo nt h efi r s tfl o o rb e f o r es t a r t i n gt op u tn e wt e n a n t so nt h es e c o n dfl o o r . T h e nfi l l t h esr o o mb e f o r et h epr o o ms . At h i g h e r fl o o r st h eo r d e r mi g h t c h a n g eab i t .

B

Si n gl e sFi r s t : t h eo wn e ro f t h eb u i l d i n gwa n t st oh a v et h et e n a n t ss p r e a do u t a smu c h a sp o s s i b l e .F o rt h a tr e a s o ns i n g l e sa r ep l a c e di nr o o msb e f o r ec o u p l e s .I fc o u p l e s mu s t b ep l a c e di n t oar o o mt h e na l l o f t h eo t h e rr o o mso nt h a t fl o o rmu s t a l r e a d yh a v e as i n g l ei nt h e m.

C

Oppo s i t eOn l y :Ea c hr o o mh a sama xc a p a c i t yo ft wo .Wh e nt wop e o p l ea r ep l a c e d i nar o o mo n emu s tb eamo r n i n gp e r s o na n do n emu s tb ean i g h tp e r s i o n .Not wo mo r n i n gp e o p l ema yr o o mt o g e t h e ra n dn ot won i g h tp e o p l ema yr o o mt o g e t h e r .Th i s i sa na r b i t r a r yr u l eo nt h ep a r t o f t h eo wn e r s : i naj u s t wo r l dwewo u l d n ’ t h a v et of o l l o w i t . Bu t q u a n t u mme c h a n i c sh a sn o t h i n gt od owi t hj u s t i c e .

3

Gui d e dno t e s: El e c t r o n sc a nb et h o u g h t o f “ o b e y i n g ” t h r e eb a s i cr u l e swh e ni t c o me st ot h e i r l o c a t i o nwi t h i n a na t o m.Ma t c ht h ef o l l o wi n gr u l e swi t ht h et h r e ef r o mt h ep r o c e d u r e sy o uj u s t u s e dt o complete the lab.

Rul e Hu nd ’ sRu l e Si n g l ee l e c t r o n swi t ht h es a mes p i nmu s t o c c u p ye a c he q u a l e n e r g y o r b i t a l b e f o r ea d d i t i o n a l e l e c t r o n swi t ho p p o s i t es p i n sc a no c c u p yt h e s a meo r b i t a l s . Pa u l i Ex c l us i o nPr i nc i p l e Ama x i mu mo f t woe l e c t r o n sma yo c c u p yas i n g l eo r b i t a l , b u to n l yi f t h e e l e c t r o n sh a v eo p p o s i t es p i n s . T h eAu f b a uPr i n c i p l e : Ea c he l e c t r o no c c u p i e st h el o we s t e n e r g yo r b i t a l

Ma t c h e swh i c hl e t t e r ?

Ho wd o e st h eAu f b a uPr i n c i p l ewo r k ?

Wh a t i sHu n d ’ sRu l e ?Th a t i s , h o wd oy o ug oa b o u t fi l l i n gu pe l e c t r o no r b i t a l sa c c o r d i n gt o t h i sr u l e ?

Ex p l a i nwh a t i sme a n t b yt h ePa u l i Ex c l u s i o nPr i n c i p l e .

Pr o c e du r e: 1 .

Br i n gap e n c i l a n dy o u r p e r i o dt a b l et oy o u r wo r k s t a t i o n .

2 .

At y o u r wo r k s t a t i o n , t h e r ei sa ne l e c t r o no r b i t a l d i a g r a ma n dp l a s t i cc h i p sr e p r e s e n t i n g e l e c t r o n s .

3 .

F o r e a c ho f t h ef o l l o wi n ga t o mso r i o n s , d e t e r mi n et h en u mb e r o f p r o t o n sa n de l e c t r o n s c o n t a i n e da n dr e c o r dt h e mi nt h eDa t aT a b l e .

4

4 .

Co u n t o u t t h en u mb e r o f e l e c t r o n si np l a s t i cc h i p s .

5 .

F i l l i nt h ec a r dwi t ht h ec o r r e c t n u mb e r o f e l e c t r o n sa c c o r d i n gt ot h ef o l l o wi n gt h r e er u l e s . A.Pl a c ep l a s t i cc h i p s( e l e c t r o n s )i nt h ee n e r g yl e v e l sf r o ml o we n e r g yt oh i g h e r e n e r g y ( s t a r t i n ga t l e v e l 1wh i c hi sc l o s e s t t ot h en u c l e u s ) b .Pl a c eo n ec h i p( e l e c t r o n )i ne a c hb o x( o r b i t a l ) b e f o r ed o u b l i n gu p c .Ea c hb o xh a sama xc a p a c i t yo f t wo .Wh e nd o u b l i n gu pwi t h i nab o x( o r b i t a l ) , b es u r e t h eo n ec h i p( e l e c t r o n ) h a si t sa r r o wf a c i n gu pwh i l et h eo t h e r i sd o wn .

6 .

Re c o r dh o wy o u r c o mp l e t e dc a r dl o o k s( d r a wi na r r o ws ) o nt h ee l e c t r o no r b i t a l d i a g r a ms .

7 .

Al s or e c o r dt h ei n f o r ma t i o nf o r t h ee l e c t r o n s ’ e n e r g yl e v e l , s u b s h e l l , a n dn u mb e r o f e l e c t r o n s i nt h ed a t at a b l e .

8 .

Co n v e r t t h ei n f o r ma t i o nf r o mt h et a b l ei n t ot h ee l e c t r o nc o n fi g u r a t i o n .El e c t r o nc o n fi g u r a t i o n s g i v et h ea d d r e s si n f o r ma t i o nf o r t h ee l e c t r o n ’ sl o c a t i o nf o r t h eg r o u n ds t a t eo f a na t o m.Se e b e l o wf o r ak e yt owr i t i n ge l e c t r o nc o n fi g u r a t i o n s .Th efi r s t o n e , c a r b o n , h a sb e e nd o n ef o r y o ua sa ne x a mp l e .

9 .

Re mo v et h ec h i p sa n dr e p e a t f o r t h en e x t a t o m.

5

Da t aT a bl e s : Ex a mpl e: 1 .

2 . Wor kwi t ht e acher

At om Ca r b o n

#of pr o t ons #of e l e c t r o n s 6 6

En e r g yl e v e lSu bs he l l

At om Be r y l l i u m

#o f e l e c t r o ns

Ene r g yl e v e l

1 , 2 , 3 , … s , p , dorf 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 2 El e c t r onOr b i t a l Di a gr a ms:

1 s 2 s

#of p r o t on s #o f e l e c t r o ns 4 4 Su bs he l l

1 , 2 , 3 , … s , p, dorf 1 s 2 s El e c t r onOr bi t a l Di a gr a m:

1 s 2 s

2 p

El e c t r onCon figur a t i o n:

El e c t r onCon figu r a t i on:

2 2 1 s 2 s

2 2 2 1 s 2 s2 p

6

#o f e l e c t r o ns 2 2

3 .

4 . At om #of pr ot o ns #of e l e c t r ons Po t a s s i u m 1 9 1 9 En e r g y Sub s h e l l #of e l e c t r on s l e v e l 1 , 2 , 3 , … s , p , dorf 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 4 s 1 El e c t r o nOr bi t a l Di a gr a m:

1 s 2 s

2 p

3 s

4 s

El e c t r o nConfig ur a t i on : 2 2 2 6 1 1 s 2 s2 p63 s 3 p4 s

7

3 p

6 . 5 . At om #of pr o t o ns #of e l e c t r ons Va n a d i u m 2 3 2 3 En e r gy Sub s h e l l #of e l e c t r on s l e v e l 1 , 2 , 3 , … s , p, dorf 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 4 s 2 3 d 3 El e c t r onOr b i t a l Di a gr a m:

1 s 2 s

1 s 2 s

2 p

3 s

At o m #of p r o t on s #o f e l e c t r o ns Co p p e r 2 9 2 9 En e r g y Sub s he l l #o f e l e c t r o ns l e v e l 1 , 2 , 3 , … s , p, dorf 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 4 s 1 3 d 1 0 El e c t r o nOr bi t a l Di a g r a m:

2 p

3 s

3 p

3 p

4 s

4 s

3 d

3 d

El e c t r onCon figu r a t i on:

El e c t r o nCo nfigu r a t i on:

2 2 6 2 2 3 1 s 2 s2 p3 s3 p64 s 3 d

2 2 6 2 6 1 1 s 2 s2 p3 s3 p 4 s3 d10

8

9 .

8 . #of #of pr o t on s e l e c t r o n s Al u mi n u m 1 3 1 3 En e r gy #of Sub s h e l l e l e c t r o n s l e v e l s , p, dor 1 , 2 , 3 , … f 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 1 El e c t r o nOr b i t a l Di a g r a m:

#o f #o f e l e c t r o ns pr o t ons Ch l o r i n e 1 7 1 7 Ene r g y Su bs he l l #o f e l e c t r o ns l e v e l s , p, dor 1 , 2 , 3 , … f 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 5 El e c t r o nOr bi t a l Di a gr a m:

At om

At o m

1 s 2 s

1 s 2 s

2 p

3 s

2 p

3 s

3 p

El e c t r o nCon figur a t i o n:

El e c t r o nCo nfigu r a t i on:

2 6 2 5 1 s 2 s22 p 3 s3 p

2 2 1 1 s 2 s22 p63 s 3 p

9

3 p

Nowl e t ’ st r ys omei on s I o n sa r ef o r me dwh e na t o msl o s eo rg a i ne l e c t r o n si na ne ff o r tt oc r e a t emo r es t a b l ee l e c t r o n a r r a n g e me n t s . Da t aT a bl e s :

El e c t r o nOr bi t a l Di a gr a ms:

8.

At om #of pr o t o ns #of e l e c t r ons + 2 4 2 Be En e r gy Sub s h e l l #of e l e c t r on s l e v e l 1 , 2 , 3 , … s , p, dorf 1 s 2 2 s 0 2 p 0 El e c t r onOr b i t a l Di a gr a m:

1s

El e c t r onCon figu r a t i on:

At o m #of p r ot on s #o f e l e c t r o ns 3 7 1 0 N Ene r g y Sub s he l l #o f e l e c t r o ns l e v e l 1 , 2 , 3 , … s , p, dorf 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 El e c t r o nOr b i t a l Di a g r a m:

1 s 2 s

2 p

2 1 s

9 . El e c t r o nCo nfigu r a t i on: 2 2 6 1 s 2 s2 p

10

Conc l us i onQue s t i o ns: 1 .

Wh a t i st h ema x i mu mn u mb e r o f e l e c t r o n st h a t c a nb ei no n eo r b i t a l ( o r b o x ) ?_ _ 2 _ _

2 . Ho wma n ye l e c t r o n sa r en e e d e dt ofi l l t h efi r s t e n e r g yl e v e l ?_2 _ _ _Ho wma n ye l e me n t s a r et h e r ei nt h efi r s t p e r i o do r r o wo f t h ep e r i o d i ct a b l e ?__ 2 _ _ 3 . Ho wma n ye l e c t r o n sa r en e e d e dt ofi l l t h es e c o n de n e r g yl e v e l ( 2 s+2 p ) ?_ _ 8 _ _ .Ho w ma n ye l e me n t sa r et h e r ei nt h es e c o n dp e r i o do f t h ep e r i o d i ct a b l e ?_ _ 8 _ _ 4 . Ho wma n ye l e c t r o n sa r en e e d e dt ofi l l t h et h i r de n e r g yl e v e l ( 3 s+3 p+3 d ) ?_ 1 8 _ _ _ . Ho wma n ye l e me n t sa r et h e r ei nt h et h i r dp e r i o do f t h ep e r i o d i ct a b l e ?_ 1 8 _ _ _Wa i t a s e c o n d …t h a t s e e mss t r a n g e ! 5 . Wh a t e l e me n t ( s ) d i dy o uwr i t et h ec o n fi g u r a t i o nf o r t h a t e n d e dwi t ha ne l e c t r o n c o n fi g u r a t i o no f 3 d ?_ _ _ _ Co p p e r , Va n a d i u m_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh a t r o w o r p e r i o di si t i n ?_ _ _ 4 _ _ _ _ _ 6 . So me t h i n gi su n u s u a l a b o u t t h e4 sa n d3 do r b i t a l s .Wh a t d oy o un o t i c ea b o u t t h eo r d e r i nwh i c ht h e ya r efi l l e d ? Th ewa yy o ufi l l t h e mo u t b yfi l l i n g3 do r b i t a l sb e f o r et h e4 so r b i t a l s 7 . Th emo s t s t a b l ee l e me n t sh a v ef u l l o u t e r s u bs h e l l s .Ne x t mo s t s t a b l ea r et h o s ewi t hh a l f fi l l e ds h e l l s .T a k eal o o ka t t h ee l e c t r o nc o n fi g u r a t i o ny o uwr o t ef o r Co p p e r .Co p p e r ’ sa c t u a l 2 2 6 2 6 1 1 0 c o n fi g u r a t i o ni s : 1 2 s s2 p3 s3 p4 s3 d.Gi v eo n ep o s s i b l er e a s o nf o r t h i s . 1 0 1 Be c a u s eafi l l e ds u b l e v e l ( 3 ) d i smo r es t a b l et h a nah a l f fi l l e d( 4 ) s s u b l e v e l

11

8 . Us i n gwh a t y o un o wk n o wa b o u t e l e c t r o nc o n fi g u r a t i o n se x p l a i nt h en o t i o nt h a t e l e me n t s i nt h es a mec o l u mni nt h ep e r i o d i ct a b l eh a v es i mi l a r c h e mi c a l a n dp h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s . Be c a u s et h e yh a v et h es a mee l e c t r o no nt h eo u t e r s h e l l 2 2 6 2 6 2 5 9 . Wh a t e l e me n t wo u l dh a v et h ef o l l o wi n ge l e c t r o nc o n fi g u r a t i o n : 1 2 s s2 p3 s3 p4 s3 d. 2 ( F o r e x a mp l e : 1 sme a n st h a t i nt h efi r s t e n e r g yl e v e l t h e r ea r et woe l e c t r o n si na nso r b i t a l . ) Ma n g a n e s e 2 1 0 . Wr i t eo u t t h ee l e c t r o nc o n fi g u r a t i o no f O . No t i c et h a t t h i si sa ni o n ! 2 2 6 1 s2 s2 p + 1 1 . Wr i t eo u t e l e c t r o nc o n fi g u r a t i o no f N . a No t i c et h a t t h i si sai o n ! 2 2 1 s 2 s2 p6 2 + 1 2 . L o o ka t t h ee l e c t r o nc o n fi g u r a t i o n sf o r O a n dNa wh i c hy o ufi g u r e do u t a b o v e . Co mp a r e t h e mt ot h eo t h e r e l e c t r o nc o n fi g u r a t i o n sy o ud i d . Dot h e yh a v ea n y t h i n gi nc o mmo nwi t ho n e o r t woo f t h e m?Wh i c ho n e ( s )a n dWh y ? 2 + 0a n dNah a v et h es a mee l e c t r o nc o n fi g u r a t i o n 3 2 2 Nea n dN b o t hh a v e1 0e l e c t r o n swi t ht h ec o n fi g u r a t i o no f 1 2 s s2 p6

1 3 . L o o ka t t h ee l e c t r o nc o n fi g u r a t i o nf o r Ne o n , an o b l eg a s . Wh yd oy o ut h i n kt h e ya r emo r e s t a b l et h a nt h eo t h e r e l e me n t s ? 2 2 6 1 s2 s2 p Th er e a s o nn o b l eg a s e sa r emo r es t a b l ei sb e c a u s et h e ya r ef u l l ( e l e c t r o n s )

12...


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