Emotions student version LMS 2019 PDF

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Contains all lecture slides, learning about emotions 2021...

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13/05/2019

latrobe.edu.au

Emotions Dr Melissa Buultjens

La Trobe University CRICOS Provider Code Number 00115M

Emotions "Anemotionisacomplexpsychologicalstate thatinvolvesthreedistinctcomponents:a subjectiveexperience,aphysiological response,andabehaviouralorexpressive response." (Hockenbury&Hockenbury, 2007)

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Moods

• Milderthanemotion,longer lasting • Difficulttoidentifyaspecificcause

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DistinguishingbetweenEmotions and Moods Emotions: • Typicallyshortlived (minutesor hours) • Relatively intense Moods: • Lessintensethan emotions • longerinduration(may last several days) • Oftennoclear triggering event LaTrobeUniversity

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AreEmotions Innate? —Asaproductofevolution,allhumansarethoughtto shareabasicsetofemotional responses —Withoutpriorlearninginfantsrespondtocertain stimuliwitha‘prewired’emotionalresponsetoawide rangeofcircumstances(Tomkins,1962, 1991)

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AffectTheory(SilvanTomkins, 1962) Silvan Tomkins (1962)believedthattherewere9affects tobe innateandthesourceofall emotions: Positive: Interest/Excitement Enjoyment/Joy Neutral: Surprise/Startle Negative: Fear/Terror Anger/Rage Distress/Anguish Shame/Humiliation Disgust Dissmell LaTrobeUniversity

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UniversalExpressions– (Ekman&Friesen, 1986)  Areemotionalexpressions universal? −allpeopleshare an overlapin‘facial language’ −Sevenuniversally recognisedand produced expressions of emotion

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BasicEmotionsand Culture  Areemotionsculturally conditioned? —Cross‐culturallysomeemotionalresponses arequite similar (Cameronetal., 1992) —Infants also have an innate ability to interpret facial expressions, and mimic them vigorously & cross‐modally

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BasicEmotionalFacialExpressions– (Ekman & Friesen, 1986) —Happiness —Surprise —Sadness —Anger —Disgust —Fear (x3) —Contempt

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BasicEmotionalFacialExpressions–

(Ekman&

Friesen, 1986)

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Functionsof Emotions  Emotions —serveamotivationalfunctionbyarousinganindividual totakeactionwithregardstosomeexperiencedor imagined event ,

 Emotions then, —driveattentionbydirectingandsustaining behaviours towardsspecific goals LaTrobeUniversity

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Functionsof Emotions  Onasociallevel, emotions —servethebroadfunctionofregulatingsocial interactions(drawingyouclosertosomeand distancingyoufrom others)

 Emotions also —serveacognitivefunctionbyinfluencingwhatan individualattendsto,thewaytheyperceive themselvesandothers,andthewaytheyinterpret and remembervariousfeaturesoflife situations. LaTrobeUniversity

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UnderstandingthePatientandDealing with theirEmotions(McClain, 2014)  Patientsareindividuals,withtheirownsetoflife experiencesandtheirownwaysofcopingemotionally withstressful situations  Hearingnewsofamedicaldiagnosiscanbringupalotof feelings,manyofthesefeelingsareuncomfortableand consequently,maybe unacceptable. Forexamplepatientsmayexpressarangeofemotions such as —anger,fear,sadnessandamultitudeofother emotions LaTrobeUniversity

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UnderstandingthePatientandDealing with theirEmotions(McClain,2014)  Important that H/C professionals are able to recognisetheemotionalreactionsoftheirpatientsfor avarietyof reasons; 1. Patientswhoarepreoccupiedwith their emotionscannotlistenandprocess information 2. Patientsmayopenlyexpresstheiremotionsor maysuppresstheir feelings

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RespondingtoPatientEmotion(Ambuel, 2008)  Listentothe Patient  Listento yourself  Reflectthoughts,feelingand behaviour  Affirmationand Respect  Empathic curiosity  Makea plan  Offer Follow‐up

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RespondingtoPatientEmotion(Gilewski, 2006)  Addressing Emotions:TheEmpathic Response — Identifytheemotion(theirsor yours) — Identifythesourceofthe emotion — Respondinawaythatshowsyouhavemade the connection — Remember : o Youdonothavetofeeltheemotion yourself o Youdonothavetoagreewiththe viewpoint

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DealingwithPatient Anger  NUMBER1RULE– BE SAFE − Anger(emotion)vsAggression (behaviour) o Ensureyourownandother’sphysical safety (leave/callfor help) —Response? o Stay(onlywhileitremains safe)

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HealthcareProfessionals‐ Sources of Emotion(Posluszny&Arnold, 2013) 

Someemotionsweexperiencearedirectreactionstowhatthe patient/clientissayingordoing(e.g.‐ Anangrypatientmay triggerourown anger)

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Difficultemotionsmayalsoarisewhenpatientsdonotactin waysthatwelike(e.g.– feelingfrustratedwhenapatientisnot takingmedicationoradheringtoouradviceas recommended)

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Wemayfeelsad,helpless,orevenguiltywhenwe cannot preventapatientfromfurtherillnessor death

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Wemayalsoexperienceemotionstriggeredbyourownpast experiences,suchasapatientwhoremindsusofafamily member(e.g.grief, longing)

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HealthcareProfessionals‐ Strategiesfor ManagingDifficultEmotions(Posluszny&Arnold, 2013)

 Priortoaninteractionyouanticipatewillbe difficult —specificallyidentifywhatiscausingyouremotional response.Wasitthepatient’shealthbehaviour, theirbehaviourtowardsyou,theirintense emotions,oryourownsadnessabouttheir condition? —Ifyouremotionalresponseisbasedonyourpast, acknowledgethisandputitasideduringthe upcoming interaction. LaTrobeUniversity

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HealthcareProfessionals‐ Strategiesfor ManagingDifficultEmotions(Posluszny&Arnold, 2013)  Practicetheinteractionaheadof time.  Imaginethemostlikelywaysthatthepatientwillreactandhow youwill respond.  Clarifyyourgoals.Itisunrealistictoexpectthatyoucanprevent orcontrolpatientsfromexperiencingdifficultemotions, especiallyangerand grief  Acknowledgethisandfocusonrealisticgoals:beingempathic, listening,disclosingmedicalinformation,talkingpatients throughoptions,andvalidatingtheir emotions  Don’tgoitalone.Bringalongacolleagueorteammember who canhelpifyouhavetroublecontrollingyouremotionsandcan giveyoufeedbackonwhatmightworkbetternext time. LaTrobeUniversity

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HealthcareProfessionals‐ Strategiesfor ManagingDifficultEmotions(Posluszny&Arnold, 2013)

 Duringtheinteractionrecognizewhenyouremotions areimpactingyourthinking/communicating ‐  Increasedheart rate  feeling flushed  sweating  shallow,rapid breathing  increasedmuscle tension  speakingrapidlyor loudly  repeating yourself  orrealizingyouarenot listening LaTrobeUniversity

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HealthcareProfessionals‐ Strategiesfor ManagingDifficultEmotions(Posluszny&Arnold, 2013)

Ifyouareexperiencingintensenegative emotions:  Giveyourselfandthepatienttimetoallowemotional intensity tosubside.Listen,ratherthanspeak;allow silence.  Validatethepatient’sexperiencebynamingtheiremotions (‘Youseemfrustrated’).Ifyouarenotsure,poseitasa question(’Areyoufeelingfrustrated?’).Besidesbeing empathic,simplynamingwhatishappeningmayattenuate yourownemotional response.  Namingyourownemotionsisappropriateaslongasitdoes notdivertattentionfromthepatient’sneedsorputblameon thepatient.Forexampleyoumightsay,“Iamfeelingfrustrated thatthereisnotmorewecandotohelp you. LaTrobeUniversity

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HealthcareProfessionals‐ Strategiesfor ManagingDifficultEmotions(Posluszny&Arnold, 2013)

 Ifyouarefeelingoverwhelmed,itisappropriatetosay, “Pleaseexcusemeforonemoment”andthenstep outsidetheroom;resumeyourinteractiononce composed. Mostpatientsappreciatecertaindisplaysofclinician emotion(e.g.tears),iftheyoccuratappropriatetimesand are consistent withthetenorofthe interaction. However,losingcontrolofone’semotions,includinggrief (sobbing),isneverappropriateinfrontofpatientsand cliniciansshouldexcusethemselvespriortodoing so. LaTrobeUniversity

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HealthcareProfessionals‐ Strategiesfor ManagingDifficultEmotions(Posluszny&Arnold, 2013)

 Afterwards,  debriefwithatrustedcolleagueorteammemberabout whathappened,howyouresponded,andhowyoumight doitdifferentlynext time.  Alessemotionallyinvolvedpersoncanoftenseethingsin theinteractionthatyou cannot.  Askanexperiencedcolleaguetocomewiththemthenext timetheyinteractwiththe patient  Repeatedepisodesofemotionalinstabilitymaybea sign ofburnoutand/orneedformentalhealth counselling LaTrobeUniversity

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