Engl 142 Notes - Randy Ontiveros PDF

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Randy Ontiveros...

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CONCEPTS ● external structure : how a poem is laid out on the page (visual format) ● meditative internal structure : organized as a contemplation of a person, place, idea, or thing

● narrative internal structure: organized as a story, usually with a beginning, middle, and end

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discursive internal structure: making an argument descriptive internal structure: poem that depicts an object dramatic internal structure: organized around separate scenes Precision: poetic use of a word/phrase to have one and only one meaning Ambiguity: poetic use of a word/phrase to have 2+ meanings Glaciation: the lowering of Earth’s sea levels because of glacial formations Deglaciation: the raising of Earth’s sea levels because of glacial melting 3 dimensions of literary study: 1) Reception Analysis: examination of who reads a text and how (e.g. intended audience, actual audience, circulation) 2) Production Analysis: examination of what goes into the making of a text (e.g. author biography, socio political climate, publication history) 3) Formal Analysis: examination of how the text is put together (e.g. genre, point-ofview, tone)

● 3 types of colonial Maryland literature: 1) Political tracts: writing meant to advance a specific perspective, political position

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or interest 2) Devotional literature: writing meant to praise God or to disseminate religious doctrine 3) Belles-lettres: writing intended as fine art Neoclassicism: English literary style of the 1600s and 1700s influenced by ancient Greece and Rome and characterized by artistic principles of harmony, proportion, balance, and restraint (architecture on campus) heroic couplet: iambic pentameter lines rhymed in pairs dramatic irony: moments in which reader has a better understanding than characters of the significance of what is happening or being said in story third-person-limited perspective: a narrative point-of-view that tells a story from the perspective of an external narrator but is focalized through a specific character contact zones: spaces where disparate cultures meet, clash and grapple with each other often in high asymmetrical relations of domination and subordination. mantle convection: the slow movement of Earth's mantle caused by convection in the Earth’s core. It is the process that has created Maryland’s physical geography. 5 physiographic provinces of Maryland: Appalachian Plateaus (good for mining), Ridge and Valley, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Atlantic Coastal Plain

● racial formation: the social, political, and economic process that organizes group ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

membership according to phenotype at a particular place and time “how race gets made” rhetorical situation: any set of circumstances in which at least one person uses some sort of communication to modify the perspective of at least one other person. Ethos: author - how the author presents himself/herself pathos: feeling or audience Logos: text - how is text laid out or logic Kairos: setting Telos: purpose or goal "myth of the vanishing Indian": set of stories and images that portray Native Americans as a noble people fated to disappear Line: a unit of meaning and measure of attention in poetry Lineation: the organization of a poem into lines 10-syllable principle of lineation: the natural length of a poetic line in English is 10 syllables. If the line has more than that, line feels full and like its overflowing. If less than 10, feels absent/reserved/quiet. modern detective story: invented by Poe. A genre in which a grisly crime is solved through the superior intellect of a protagonist modern short story: invented by Poe. A short, compact, intricate, psychological narrative that produces a “single effect” on the reader Genre: a group of texts that share specific characteristics Convention: a generally accepted device, principle, or procedure that creates various restrictions and freedoms Arabesque: in literature, a subgenre that uses intricate, ornamental language to create intense feeling meter: the rhythmic pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in accentualsyllabic poetry Foot: basic unit of meter X = unstressed / = stressed Iamb: x / Trochee: / x

● ● ● ● Spondee: / /

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Anapest: x x / Dactyl: / x x internal rhyme: rhyme within a single line of poetry end rhyme: rhyme at the final syllable of a line peer review: anonymous process in which experts vet research for accuracy and importance

● Argument: an effort by a person or group to influence through language the perspective of another person or group on an issue of shared importance

● Lyric: a brief melodic and imaginative poem characterized by fervent but structured ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

expression of thoughts and emotions of a first-person speaker primary sources: original material on which other research is based secondary sources: analyses, interpretations, and evaluations of primary sources written for a specialized audience tertiary sources: a distillation and collection of primary and secondary sources for a general audience intended audience: the audience a writer has in mind when they composes their text actual audience: the audience that in fact reads particular text Horatian satire: A form of satire that gently mocks faults to evoke amusement rather than repulsion or indignation Juvenalian satire: A form of satire that bitterly condemns vices and foibles and incites indignation and disgust in audiences

● 3 primary causes of War of 1812: British violation of American neutrality, Impressment of American sailors, American desire for territorial expansion ● public sphere: the domain in democratic societies where individuals and groups freely debate and discuss ideas in order to shape public policy

● private sphere: in democratic societies, a domain of individuality and family that is generally walled off from direct public scrutiny and government involvement

● Romanticism: philosophical and artistic movement of the 1800s that emphasized the authority of individual imagination and feeling, as well as private experience in vast and mysterious nature ● Black Arts Movement: the cultural branch of the civil rights movement. Aimed at making opportunities for Black artists and creating art that reflects Black life. ● Intersectionality: a sociological method that analyzes how forms of human difference (e.g. race, class, sexuality, nationality) overlap to shape the distribution of power.

● implied author ● speculative fiction: imaginative writing that foregrounds the supernatural or the fantastical, which are often presented as a “what if?”

● Exposition: the relation of background information to the reader ● Description: sense-oriented passages that establish setting and mood in fiction, often through careful detail

● Narration: the telling of the events of a story

PEOPLE, PLACES, EVENTS, DATES ● Cecil Calvert, 2nd Lord Baltimore: took colonial possession of Maryland (Terra ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Mariae) 1632 Calvert family takes formal control of Maryland. This guy is the first one to have it in colonial possession. 1632: 1632 Calvert family takes formal control of Maryland Toleration Act of 1649: General assembly legislation signed by 2nd Lord Baltimore, allowing “free exercise” of religion and banning religious insults Father Andrew White: Father Andrew White on board the Ark March 25, 1634: the landing of the Maryland colonists from the Ark and the Dove on St. Clements Island (considered date of the founding of MD). Father White celebrated mass. November 1, 1864: Slavery formally ended in MD Maryland State Colonization Society: (1831-1861) Organization founded by Maryland General Assembly for the “Removal of Colored People” to Maryland in Liberia September 14, 1814: Francis Scott Key sees American flag still flying over Fort McHenry after Battle of Baltimore (Star-Spangled Banner) October 19, 1774: The Annapolis Tea Party

● ● Treaty of Ghent: what ended the War of 1812. December 24, 1814. ● April 19, 1861: Pratt Street Riot: First bloodshed of the Civil War

Definitions: 1. Lyric: a brief melodic and imaginative poem characterized by fervent but structured expression of thoughts and emotions of a first-person speaker 2. Precision: poetic use of a word/phrase to have one and only one meaning 3. Ambiguity: poetic use of a word/phrase to have 2+ meanings

4. External Structure: how a poem is laid out on the page (visual format) 5. Internal Structure: how the content of a poem is arranging a. Meditative: organized as a contemplation of a person, place, idea, or thing b. Narrative: organized as a story, usually with a beginning, middle, and end c. Dramatic: organized around separate scenes d. Descriptive: poem that depicts an object 6. How to Read a Poem: a. Notice: Look at the title. Expectations? Feelings? Read poem. Look at title. b. Listen: Read poem out loud. What do you notice about it? Tone? c. Define: Define words you do not know d. Clarify: Rearrange words/sentences into everyday words e. Locate: Who is speaker? Audience? Where? When? Why? f. Identify: Use vocab/poetry vocab to pay attention to poem g. See: Look at format of poem h. Compare: Compare connections to poem in front of you and other poems. Genre? i. Discuss: Talk/share poems 7. Three Dimensions of Literary Study a. Reception Analysis: examination of who reads a text and how (e.g. intended audience, actual audience, circulation) b. Production Analysis: examination of what goes into the making of a text (e.g. author biography, socio political climate, publication history) c. Formal Analysis: examination of how the text is put together (e.g. genre, point-ofview, tone) 8. Calvert’s family crest was made in Maryland’s official flag in 1904 “Manly Deeds and Womanly Words” (Slogan) 9. Cecil Calvert, 2nd Lord Baltimore, took colonial possession of Maryland (Terra Mariae) 1632 Calvert family takes formal control of Maryland. This guy is the first one to have it in colonial possession. a. Houseboy in painting (slave) 10. King Charles I of England (1600-1649) and Henrietta Maria of France (1601-1669). Maryland is named after Henrietta Maria. 11. Toleration Act of 1649: General assembly legislation signed by 2nd Lord Baltimore, allowing “free exercise” of religion and banning religious insults a. Free exercise meant though that people could not be Jewish, Muslim, Atheist 12. Three Types of Maryland Colonial Literature a. Political tracts: writing meant to advance a specific perspective, political position or interest b. Devotional literature: writing meant to praise God or to disseminate religious doctrine c. Belles-lettres: writing intended as fine art d. Neoclassicism: English literary style of the 1600s and 1700s influenced by ancient Greece and Rome and characterized by artistic principles of harmony, proportion, balance, and restraint (architecture on campus)

13. Heroic Couplet: iambic pentameter lines rhymed in pairs 14. Contact Zones: spaces where disparate cultures meet, clash and grapple with each other often in high asymmetrical relations of domination and subordination. 15. Third-Person Limited: a narrative point-of-view that tells a story from the perspective of an external narrator but is focalized through a specific character 16. Dramatic Irony: moments in which reader has a better understanding than characters of the significance of what is happening or being said in story 17. Mantle Convection: the slow movement of Earth's mantle caused by convection in the Earth’s core. It is the process that has created Maryland’s physical geography. 18. KNOW THE FIVE MAJOR REGIONS OF MARYLAND: Appalachian Plateaus (good for mining), Ridge and Valley, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Atlantic Coastal Plain a. Majority of MD’s populations lives in Piedmont and ACP. Soil is the richest, there are waterways etc. African American populations are large in ACP. 19. Glaciation: the lowering of Earth’s sea levels because of glacial formations 20. Deglaciation: the raising of Earth’s sea levels because of glacial melting a. Intense warming is happening right now in the Chesapeake Bay. 21. March 25, 1634 : the landing of the Maryland colonists from the Ark and the Dove on St. Clements Island (considered date of the founding of MD). Father White celebrated mass. 22. Rhetorical Situation: any set of circumstances in which at least one person uses some sort of communication to modify the perspective of at least one other person. 23. Pathos: feeling or audience, Logos: text - how is text laid out or logic, Ethos: author how the author presents himself/herself, telos: purpose or goal , kairos: setting 24. Racial Formation: the social, political, and economic process that organizes group membership according to phenotype at a particular place and time “how race gets made” 25. Myth of the Vanishing Indians: set of stories and images that portray Native Americans as a noble people fated to disappear a. Often seen as a “positive” stereotype b. Has several problems: i. Hides the vibrancy of contemporary Native life ii. Papers over the violence involved to conquest iii. Ignores the policies past and present that have marginalized Native Americans 26. Black Arts Movement: the cultural branch of the civil rights movement. Aimed at making opportunities for Black artists and creating art that reflects Black life. 27. Intersectionality: a sociological method that analyzes how forms of human difference (e.g. race, class, sexuality, nationality) overlap to shape the distribution of power. 28. Black Vernacular: dialect of English often spoken by African Americans in urban and southern regions. 29. Reclamation Ecopoetics: poetry that more overlay asks us to be attentive to and protective of nature and humans alike 30. Line: a unit of meaning and measure of attention in poetry 31. Lineation: the organization of a poem into lines 32. 10 Syllable Principle : the natural length of a poetic line in English is 10 syllables. If the line has more than that, line feels full and like its overflowing. If less than 10, feels

absent/reserved/quiet. 33. Modern Detective Story: invented by Poe. A genre in which a grisly crime is solved through the superior intellect of a protagonist 34. Modern Short Short: invented by Poe. A short, compact, intricate, psychological narrative that produces a “single effect” on the reader 35. Parallelism: the use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc. 36. Genre: a group of texts that share specific characteristics a. There were generally 3 forms of genre: epic, comedy and tragedy b. Genres are made up of Convention - a generally accepted device, principle, or procedure that creates various restrictions and freedoms 37. Arabesque: in literature, a subgenre that uses intricate, ornamental language to create intense feeling 38. Types of Research Sources a. Primary Sources: original material on which other research is based b. Second Sources: analyses, interpretations, and evaluations of primary sources written for a specialized audience c. Tertiary Sources: a distillation and collection of primary and secondary sources for a general audience 39. Meter: the rhythmic pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in accentual-syllabic poetry a. Foot: basic unit of meter i. X = unstressed ii. / = stressed iii. iamb : x / iv. trochee : / X v. spondee : / / vi. anapest : x x / vii. dactyl : / x x 40. Internal Rhyme: rhyme within a single line of poetry 41. End Rhyme: rhyme at the final syllable of a line 42. Slavery formally ended in MD on November 1, 1864 43. Romanticism: philosophical and artistic movement of the 18000s that emphasized the authority of individual imagination and feeling, as well as private experience in vast and mysterious nature 44. Apostrophe: a figure of speech in which a thing, place, idea, or dead or absent person is addressed as if present and capable of understanding 45. Gothic Genre: developed in europe in the 1700s come to US in the 1800s. Emphasizes terror, mystery and supernatural. 46. Chiasmus: rhetorical device in which speaker or writer reverses order of pairs 47. Intended Audience: the audience a writer has in mind when they composes their text 48. Actual Audience: the audience that in fact reads particular text 49. Prison Abolition: PIC (prison-industrial complex) abolition is a political vision with the goal of eliminating imprisonment, policing, and surveillance and creating lasting

alternatives to punishment and imprisonment 50. The War of 1812: fought over territorial expansion, military impressment and trade rights. Began on June 18, 1812 with declaration of war and formally ended on February 16, 1815 with Treaty of Ghent. 51. Public Sphere: the domain in democratic societies where individuals and groups freely debate and discuss ideas in order to shape public policy 52. Private Sphere: in democratic societies, a domain of individuality and family that is generally walled off from direct public scrutiny and government involvement 53. Sentimentalism: excessively direct poetic expression of pathos, often featured in works the indulge in tender and overt feelings, particularly the feeling of sympathy 54. Satire: a mode of discourse that asserts a polemical or critical outlook, often featured in works that judge and condemn foolishness and/or evil, often through harsh and somewhat oblique irony. Logos. 55. Pratt Street Riot: April 19. 1861. First bloodshed of the Civil War 56. Peer Review: anonymous process in which experts vet research for accuracy and importance 57. Argument: an effort by a person or group to influence through language the perspective of another person or group on an issue of shared importance 58. The argument in the American Essay: usually appears at the end of the introductory paragraph, comprised typically of 1-2 sentences, includes 2-3 words that are key to the debate, gives some sense of rgw “so what?”, is concisely worded 59. Camp (adjective): deliberately exaggerated and theatrical in style, typical for humorous effect 60. 1948: Shelley v Kraemer strikes down racially restrictive covenants, or private contracts barring sale of property to minority populations. Argued by Thurgood Marshall. 61. Horatian Satire: A form of satire that gently mocks faults to evoke amusement rather than repulsion or indignation 62. Juvenalian Satire: A form of satire that bitterly condemns vices and foibles and incites indignation and disgust in audiences 63. Geographic Determinism: the sociological and anthropological notion that individual or group identity is shaped exclusively or predominately by built environment (idea that “you are where you’re from”) 64. The Annapolis Tea Party: October 19, 1774 65. Francis Scott Key sees American flag still flying over Fort McHenry after Battle of Baltimore on September 14, 1814 66. Maryland State Colonization Society (1831-1861): Organization founded by Maryland General Assembly for the “Removal of Colored People” to Maryland in Liberia 67. Epic: a long narrative that tells the story of a heroic figure 68. Description: sense-oriented passages that establish setting and mood in fiction, often through careful detail 69. Exposition: the relation of background information to the reader 70. Narration: the telling of the events of a story 71. Speculative fiction: imaginative writing that foregrounds the supernatural or the fantastical, which are often presented as a “what if?”

72. Range of Knowledge: breadth of reader’s knowledge of character and story information 73. Depth of Knowledge: degree of reader’s knowledge of a story information and particular character’s thoughts and feelings 74. Story: the whole series of events and actions that have presumably been involved in a narrative, listed in their likely order 75. Plot: the selection and ordering of events and actions to show some pattern of relationship or causation 76. Pace: the amount of time that is represented as passing within and between each episode of the story and the degree of detail given to each 77. Film Noir: a detective genre that features cynical characters ...