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REFERENCIA GRAMATICAL 4º E.S.O. curso 2012 – 13

Área: Lengua Extranjera (Inglés) Profesor: José del Campo

1

PASSIVE VOICE

La voz pasiva es una transformación oracional en la que se enfoca la oración de una forma diferente. Existen, en inglés, tres tipos de transformación pasiva: 1º tipo Oraciones con 1 objeto (directo) Activa:

Pasiva:

Sujeto + Verbo + Obj. Directo + Complementos

Sujeto + Verbo + Complementos + (by- complement) (paciente)

1ª forma:

(en voz pasiva)

(cuando es necesario)

2º tipo Oraciones con 2 objetos (indirecto + directo)

Activa:

Pasiva:

Sujeto + Verbo + Obj. indirecto + O. Directo + Comp

Sujeto + Verbo + O. Directo + C. + (by- complement) (paciente)

(en voz pasiva)

(cuando es necesario)

2ª forma: Activa:

Pasiva:

Sujeto + Verbo + Obj. indirecto + O. Directo + Comp

Sujeto + Verbo + to O. Ind. + C. + (by- complement) (paciente)

(en voz pasiva)

(cuando es necesario)

3º Tipo Oraciones de sujeto indefinido y construcción de infinitivo 1ª forma: Activa:

Suj. Indef. + verbo de con. o pens. + “That – clause”

Pasiva:

It + verbo en pasiva + “That – clause”

2ª forma: Activa:

Suj. Indef. + verbo de con. o pens. + “That – clause”

Pasiva:

Sujeto de la “that-clause” + verbo en pasiva + Infinitivo del verbo de la “that – clause” + complem.

2

Transformación del verbo en voz pasiva

To be + Participio (en el mismo tiempo que el verbo de la voz activa)

(del verbo de la voz activa)

Cuadro de verbos Tiempos verbales

Voz Activa

Voz Pasiva

Pr. Simple

Paints

Is painted

Pr. Continuo

Am / is / are painting

Am / is / are being painted

Pr. Perfecto

Have / has painted

Have / has been painted

Pas. Simple

painted

Was / were painted

Pas. Continuo

Was / were painting

Was / were being painted

Pas. Perfecto

Had painted

Had been painted

Fut. Simple

Will paint

Fut. Inmediato

Am / is / are going to paint

Condicional

Would paint

Will be painted Am / is / are going to be painted Would be painted

Ejemplos: 1º tipo Activa: Pasiva: The light was switched on. Activa: William the conqueror built this castle Pasiva: This castle was built by William the conqueror 2º tipo Activa: They gave her a present in the party Pasiva: She was given a present in the party Pasiva: A present was given to her in the party Activa: John will buy me a watch tomorrow. Pasiva: I will be bought a watch tomorrow by John. Pasiva: A watch will be bought to me tomorrow by John. 3º tipo Activa: People say that John lives in Britain Pasiva: It is said that John lives in Britain Pasiva: John is said to live in Britain

3

REPORTED SPEECH

El estilo indirecto se utiliza para expresar lo que alguien dijo literalmente de una forma distinta, con nuestras propias palabras. Es muy utilizado en el lenguaje coloquial. En el estilo indirecto se producen una serie de transformaciones dentro de la oración que pasaremos a detallar seguidamente: 1ª transformación: verbal Los verbos del estilo directo (que suele ir entre comillas), cambian a un tiempo “anterior” al transformar la frase: Estilo Directo

Estilo Indirecto

Pr. Simple

Pas. Simple

Pr. Continuo

Pas. Continuo

Pr. Perfecto

Pas. Perfecto

Pas. Simple

Pas. Perfecto

Pas. Perfecto

Pas. Perfecto

Futuro simple Condicional

Condicional Condicional perfecto

(would + infinitivo sin “to”)

(would have + participio)

2ª transformación: pronominal Tanto los posesivos como los pronombres personales experimentan un cambio en el estilo indirecto que está relacionado con la persona a la que se dirige la oración; por tanto, la transformación va a depender del objeto o persona a quien se dirija la oración. 3ª transformación: adverbial Los adverbios de lugar y tiempo en el estilo indirecto cambian del siguiente modo: ESTILO DIRECTO

ESTILO INDIRECTO

Here

There

This

That

Now

Then

Today

That day

Tomorrow

The following day

Yesterday

The previous day

Next day

The following day

Last day

The previous day

4

Statements (Oraciones Enunciativas)

Sujeto + said / told + that + oración en est. indirecto Ejemplo: Est. Directo: Est. Indirecto:

“I am going home” She said that she was going home

Est. Directo: Est. Indirecto:

My brother said “I will see you tomorrow” My brother said that he would see me the following day.

Questions (oraciones interrogativas)

Sujeto + asked / wondered + if / wh- question + oración en est. indirecto En estas oraciones hay que distinguir entre las que llamamos “interrogativas polares” (“yes/no questions”, aquellas en las que la respuesta es sí o no) e “interrogativas informativas” ( “wh- questions”, las que el que pregunta solicita información concreta. Éstas van introducidas por un pronombre o determinante interrogativo, “wh” word). En las “polares”, el verbo que introduce la oración de estilo indirecto será ask, wonder, principalmente; tras el verbo introductorio, colocamos un if para presentar la oración indirecta. En las “informativas”, no se pone if sino que introduce la frase el mismo pronombre interrogativo (wh- element) del estilo directo. Además de los cambios que ya hemos visto (pronominal, verbal, adverbial…), en las questions se produce un cambio de orden en la frase: del orden interrogativo de la oración de estilo directo pasamos a un orden enunciativo en el estilo indirecto. Ejemplos: Est. Directo: Est. Indirecto:

John said “do you want a drink?” John asked if I wanted a drink.

Est. Directo: Est. Indirecto:

The policeman said “what are you doing?” The policeman asked what they were doing.

Command & Request (oraciones imperativas)

Sujeto + verbo de orden y petición + objeto indirecto + infinitivo + compl. Pasamos en el estilo directo de una oración imperativa a una construcción de infinitivo en el estilo indirecto; si la D.S. fuera negativa (don’t + base form ), negaremos la construcción de infinitivo con not. Utilizamos como verbos de orden y petición para introducir la RS los siguientes: Ordered, commanded, asked, invited, warned, advised, begged, suggested, recommended

(ordenar)

(mandar)

(pedir) (invitar)

(advertir) (avisar)

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(suplicar) (sugerir)

(recomendar)

Ejemplos: Est. Directo: Est. Indirecto: Est. Directo: Est. Indirecto:

“Would you like to drink a coke, Peter?” John invited Peter to drink a coke. The policeman said, “Get out of the car!” The policeman ordered me to get out of the car. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IF – CLAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE

UNIVERSAL STATEMENT

Present

1ST TYPE

Present

2ND TYPE

Past

3RD TYPE

Past Perfect

Present Will + infinitive Can + infinitive Imperative Conditional (would + infinitive) Perfect conditional (would have + participle)

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PASSIVE VOICE 1. They are going to say that you haven’t been here. 2. Last year a profit of two million pounds was made in the first six months but it was cancelled by a loss of seventeen million pounds. 3. Why did you buy so horrible jeans? 4. Somebody has given me many presents. 5. The ship was put into quarantine and passengers and crew were forbidden to land. 6. This rumour must have been started by our opponents. 7. Government is being said to spend too little money on roads. 8. I was invited to go to the party. 9. The rocket is said to have landed on the sea. 10. They showed her the easiest way to do it. 11. Your money could be put to good use instead of being left idle in the bank. 12. That boy is believed to have thrown the stones. 13. They told her the most important thing to do. 14. The lawyer gave him the details of his uncle’s will. 15. We will not admit children under sixteen. 16. Football can bring a lot of benefits here. 17. We will be given the things we need. 18. Nothing is known about the missing car. 19. They were rescued at 9.40 by a man in a fishing boat. 20. Someone is thought to have started the fire deliberately. 21. Nobody knows anything about Brenda’s family. 22. Most of the guests had left the hotel by midday. 23. Nobody had been sent an invitation when I realised. 24. They haven’t decided the exact time of the match yet. 25. Chris is said to have been in the army. 26. You were shown the different messages. 27. She will be given the most important present. 28. People say that the council will improve our town. 29. They are going to repair all the damage. 30. They sent Mr Smith eighty pounds in order to pay the fine. 7

RELATIVE CLAUSES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

The person ________ fingerprints are on the gun was the person ________ killed Dr. Martin. My bike, ________ I had left at the gate, had disappeared. The shoes ________ I finally bought were the ones _______ I tried on first. The bag in _______ the robbers put the money was found outside the bank. The medicine ______ the doctor gave me had no effect at all. Peter, ______ couldn’t see the screen, decided to change his seat. The present ______ you gave me yesterday was the one ________ I gave you last year! I really liked that tea _______ you made me this morning. What was the name of your friend _______ tent we borrowed? The flight _______ Joe was leaving on was cancelled. This is a photo of someone______________I met while I was on holiday. Are you the person_____________called me late last night? I’d like to talk to someone____________has visited China. Nobody knows__________left this parcel here this morning. John is the only person in this office____________I can trust. When I find out___________did this, there will be trouble. She is the person____________owns that black dog. The police officer__________I spoke to before isn’t on duty today. The job _______ he got wasn´t very interesting. A woman _______ my sister knows has bought our house. I’m sorry for people _______ haven’t got a sense of humour. I saw a girl _______ beauty took my breath away. Actually, there is a problem _______ worries me. This is Peter Taylor, _______ works with my sister. What do you think of the wine _______ we drank last night? I’ve got a friend _______ collect stamps. A good builder is one _______ houses don’t fall down. This is the switch _______ isn’t working.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

Rachel would have passed the exam if she ________________ (study) I would buy a Ferrari if I ______________ (have) money. If he had seen the bank robbery he __________________ (advise) the police. If we didn’t invite Mick, he ________________ (feel) very bad. Peter will not help you if you _________________ (not ask) him. If I see him I (give) ___________________ him a surprise. If we (have) _____________________ a map we would have been all right. If I (know) ____________________ his address I would give it to you. If he (work) ____________________ more slowly, he wouldn’t make so many mistakes. We’ll go out later if it (stop) _________________ raining If I (have) __________________ more money, I would buy a new car. Do you want to watch TV? I (switch) _________________ it on if you do. If I (take) ____________________ my umbrella with me, I wouldn’t have got wet. If I hadn’t gone out, I (not catch) ____________________ a cold. I (need) ____________________ some money if we go out tonight. If I (have) ____________________ the keys, I (show) ______________ you the cellar. If I (not practise) ____________________, I won’t pass my exam. If we had gone earlier, we (have) ____________________ better weather. If Matthew (phone) ____________________ her, Emma wouldn’t have been so annoyed. If Andrew (not work) ____________________ all the time, he wouldn’t be so boring. If you press this switch, the compute (come) ____________________ on. I’d get fat If I (eat) ____________________ cake. If the children go near Nick’s dog, it (bite) ____________________ them. The team would have won if Jones ___________________ (play) better. If Bell hadn’t invented the telephone, somebody else ___________________ (do) it. If she ___________________ (come) later again she’ll lose her job. If we won the lottery, we ___________________ (give) you half the money. Oil ___________________(float), if you pour it on water. If you eat less you ___________________ (not get) fat. If Jane practised more she___________________ (be) the best in the school. If the storm becomes worse we ___________________ (have to go) home.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

8

Statements 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

The journalist told , “A man threw a bomb at the Prime Minister yesterday” Sarah told me, “I won’t pass my exam tomorrow” I said, “He hasn’t got much sense of humour” “I went to New York last summer” “I’m looking for a better job” “My sister doesn’t live in England” “I’ll come with you tomorrow”, she replied. “We have a lift but very often it doesn’t work”, they said. “I don’t like classical music” “I will phone you later” “I’ll see you in the morning, Helen” ”I can resist everything except temptation” (Oscar Wilde)

Questions 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

I told the clerk, “Can I pay by cheque?” Peter said to the collector, “When does the last train leave?” The teacher told, “How many books does he want?” My girlfriend said to me, “Do they like me?” “Where do you work?” “Are you on holiday in England?” “When did you arrive here?” “Do you like English food?” “Will you have time to play regularly?”, he went on. “How long have you lived in London?” “Did you have a good journey?” “Does this car belong to you?” “Who did you go to the cinema with?”

26. “Are you doing anything this weekend?” 27. My parents asked me, “What time did you get home last night?” 28. Helen asked me, “Did you see the film yesterday?”

Commands & Requests 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

She said, “Peter, close the door, please” She said, “Would you like to drink a coke, John?” He told me, “You should show the doctor that knee” “I could post this letter for you” “Don’t switch off the TV” “You should take more exercise” “Please fill up this form” “I won’t drive too fast” “Stop your car immediately” “Don’t go with this bad-looking boy from England!” “Don’t forget to post my letter, Sue, please” “Peter, you mustn’t open that letter because it is not yours”.

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