English Notes - Lecture Notes, Lectures 1 - 3 PDF

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English Notes Prewriting Strategies

Bechdel’s Graphic Novel Freewriting ? Pg. 83,86 ( Writing down everything her mom was saying ) Brainstorming? Pg. 76 Asking the 6 journalist questions? Pg.90-95 Who – Decides to write about her mom or dad When What – Doesn’t know exactly what to write Where How – Outlining? Pg .76-81 Clustering? Pg. 94 Understanding Writing: Rhetorical Situation

What is a Rhetorical Situation?

Rhetoric: Using language effectively to persuade, inform, educate, or entertain

Rhetorical Situation: The circumstances in which you communicate.

Key Concept: What is the “rhetorical situation”? It is the position of your writing in relation to various elements that affect the content and comprehension of your words--the identity of the writer, the purpose, the audience, the topic, and the context for writing. Each of these factors plays an important role in the writing process, and it is important to think about these in the planning stages of any writing project.

Rationale: While students may be aware of each of these factors, it is important to consider the relationship of these factors in the production of a written document. The following slides will serve as a guide to discussing each of these important factors and their relationship to each other.

Devices—Ethos, Pathos, Logos, and Kairos •

Ethical Appeals

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Can mean two things:

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Convincing by the character of the author. We tend to believe people whom we respect. One of the central problems of argumentation is to project an impression to the reader that you are someone worth listening to, in other words making yourself as the author into an authority on the subject of the paper, as well as someone who is likable and worthy of respect.

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Doing what is right.

Example: #1--Getting the audience to believe something on author’s reputation: " Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work…”MLK “Letter from Birmingham Jail” #2—Doing what is right: “And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you — ask what you can do for your country.”-JFK “Peace Corp Speech”

Logical Appeals What makes sense. Using reasoning (both deductive and inductive). One of the most common types of appeals in persuasion and argument. Necessity to use reasoning to support your claims. •

Student: “I’m hot.” Teacher: “Well, why don’t you take your jacket off?”

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“If you like apples, you like cinnamon, and you like things that are sweet, you must enjoy apple pie.”

Student: “I’m hot.” Teacher: “Well, why don’t you take your jacket off?” “If you like apples, you like cinnamon, and you like things that are sweet, you must enjoy apple pie.”

Pathetic Appeals Persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions •

"A brilliant young woman I know was asked once to support her argument in favor of social welfare. She named the most powerful source imaginable: the look in a mother's face when she cannot feed her children. Can you look that hungry child in the eyes? See the blood on his feet from working barefoot in the cotton fields. Or do you ask his baby sister with her belly swollen from hunger if she cares about her daddy's work ethics?" (Nate Parker as Henry Lowe in The Great Debaters, 2007)

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Donating to a homeless person often uses this appeal

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Students are often drawn to a fight because of this appeal

KAIROS, as we have discussed, comes from the greek. It differs from the Greek work for time—CHRONOS—the root of our words chronology and chronometer (watch). Chronos is a measure of time. KAIROS—is all about sensing the opportune time for something through your psychological attentiveness. To think KAIROTICALLY is to be attuned to the context of a situation in order to act in the right way at the right moment. It’s the base runner who knows the moment to steal second, a person good at picking the right moment to speak rather than listen....