Environmental Mitigation And Adaptation As Key Factors For Increasing Water Demand PDF

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ACADEMIA Letters Environmental Mitigation And Adaptation As Key Factors For Increasing Water Demand Andi Setyo Pambudi, University of Indonesia In daily life, the term environment has become popular in the community both among politi- cians, scientists, and society in general (Pambudi, 2019). The en...

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ACADEMIA Letters Environmental Mitigation And Adaptation As Key Factors For Increasing Water Demand Andi Setyo Pambudi, University of Indonesia

In daily life, the term environment has become popular in the community both among politicians, scientists, and society in general (Pambudi, 2019). The environment is defined as the area (region, etc.) and includes the resources in it, while the natural environment defines as the surrounding circumstances (conditions, forces) that affect the development and behavior of organisms. A watershed describes as a place to live, as explained by Miller and Spoolman’s theory of ecology. According to Miller and Spoolman (2015), the main field of environmental science is ecology, a life science whose focus is the interaction between organisms or living things with each other and with their environment. Increasing population growth and the rate of development often impact land conversion (Soemarwoto, 1999). Area conversion results from population pressure on land, indicating that there is a role for the community, both on a specific scale and in general, that affects the sustainability of natural resources (Watson et al., 2014, Cumming, 2016). In many cases, this increases the frequency and magnitude of flooding in the rainy season and water shortages in the dry season. The flood disaster actually stems from the soil being eroded by water and then landslides mixed with water, flowing to erode weak riverbeds and cliffs (Pambudi, 2021a). The success of watershed management is always related to the conservation of water resources through increasing the flow rate and increasing the rate of rainwater infiltration, and at the same time, it can also improve the quality of river water because a controlled surface water flow rate can reduce the rate of erosion (Dixon 1992, Nakamura 2003, Calder 2005). Thus, successful watershed management can play a significant role in managing, developing, and/or increasing the water supply needed to stabilize water-based food and energy availability (Gregersen & Brooks, 2007).

Academia Letters, November 2021

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Corresponding Author: Andi Setyo Pambudi, [email protected] Citation: Pambudi, A.S. (2021). Environmental Mitigation And Adaptation As Key Factors For Increasing Water Demand. Academia Letters, Article 4069. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL4069.

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Increasing water supply for various development needs often has two consequences. The first response is to reduce water consumption through diverse programs by innovating technology for water efficiency, such as water-saving irrigation techniques. Reducing water use can also be done through incentive and disincentive mechanisms, for example, providing water price reductions for commercial water users whose water needs fulfilling by direct rainwater (rainwater harvesting). On the other hand, setting the price of deep well water and/or PDAM water is quite expensive for water users for commercial purposes (industry, hotels, malls) that do not use rainwater directly. In addition to the things mentioned above, public campaigns to conserve water use can also be done by control the amount of water used for domestic needs. The second response to the need for water is by developing and improving the supply of water resources. The second effort or response becomes the focus of integrated water resource conservation activities. Programs and/or actions to respond to these two, in principle, are carried out through two water resources conservation efforts, namely conservation efforts by vegetative means and water resources conservation efforts by technical civil or nonvegetative conservation efforts. The water resources conservation programs mentioned above are one of the significant focuses in implementing integrated watershed management. Land cover arrangements, both location and area, also the type of vegetation/land arrangement, will determine how much the rate will occur. This process is an expected natural water resource conservation technique because of its low cost. However, considering that the natural water conservation method has not yielded the expected results, the construction of water storage facilities with reservoirs, retention ponds, basins, and lakes as an effort to conserve water resources must also be carried out. In the future, if both vegetative and non-vegetative attempts are not enough, then seawater desalinization and deep groundwater injection will become inevitable. Although it builds at a high cost, the technique of conserving water resources using a construction/civil engineering approach, for example, the construction of a dam, is more beneficial for the people living in the vicinity. They can use water directly from the reservoir/retention pond for domestic purposes, agriculture, fisheries, animal husbandry, and even to produce mini hydroelectric power if technically possible. In addition, the water storage building facilities also function as a means of infiltration of groundwater and at the same time controlling flooding in the downstream watershed area. Controlling and regulating human activities to be pro-environment through policy instruments is far more urgent than just building infrastructure and answering the root of the main problem (Pambudi, 2021b). In addition to the importance of the availability of water resources, the aspect of water quality is not less significant in integrated watershed management. Sources of pollution of river water and/or other water bodies are as follows, water pollution from household waste Academia Letters, November 2021

©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0

Corresponding Author: Andi Setyo Pambudi, [email protected] Citation: Pambudi, A.S. (2021). Environmental Mitigation And Adaptation As Key Factors For Increasing Water Demand. Academia Letters, Article 4069. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL4069.

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and pollution from industrial activities (point source pollution), and river water pollution due to agricultural activities and land use-based activities in the catchment area. Sources of water pollution caused by land-based activities, especially land conversion and excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, are known as non-point sources of pollution. Control and/or prevention of river water pollution from household waste and industrial activities (point source pollution), can be effectively carried out through government regulatory mechanisms as long as their implementation is consistent with strict law enforcement. However, this is not the case with handling river water pollution from non-point sources. For the latter case, the cause is more complex because apart from covering a large area, water pollution occurs due to the interaction of multi-factors, such as agricultural land use, livestock, mining, soil erosion, and landslides. Therefore, it is more appropriate to control river water pollution from non-point sources with an integrated watershed management approach because the management focuses on stabilizing water and soil systems and improving the quality of surface and groundwater.

Academia Letters, November 2021

©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0

Corresponding Author: Andi Setyo Pambudi, [email protected] Citation: Pambudi, A.S. (2021). Environmental Mitigation And Adaptation As Key Factors For Increasing Water Demand. Academia Letters, Article 4069. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL4069.

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References Asdak, C. (2009). Ecosystem-Based Integrated Watershed Management (Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai Terpadu Berbasis Ekosistem). Makalah pada pertemuan Forum DAS Tingkat Nasional. Departemen Kehutanan. Jakarta, 10-11 Desember 2009. Blomquist, W. & Schlager, E. 2005. Political Pitfalls of Integrated Watershed Management. Society and Natural Resources (18):101-117. Calder, I.R. (2005). Blue Revolution: Integrated Land and Water Resource Management. Earthscan Publ. London, UK. Cumming, G.S. (2016). The relevance and resilience of protected areas in the Anthropocene. Journal Anthropocene 13, 46–56. Dixon J.A. (1992). Analysis and Management of Watersheds, in Partha Dasgupta and KarlGoran Maler (ed) The Environment and Emerging Development Issues, Vol.2, ClarendonPress, Oxford. Gregersen, H.M., Ffolliott, P.F. & Brooks, K.N. (2007). Integrated Watershed Management: Connecting People to their Land and Water. CABI, Cambridge, MA, USA. Miller, G.T. & Spoolman, S.E. (2015); Living in the Environment: Concepts, Connections and Solutions.Seventeenth edition. Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, USA. Mitchell, B., Priddle, C., Shrubsole, D., B. Veale, & Walters, D. (2014). Integrated water resource management: lessons from conservation authorities in Ontario, Canada. International Journal of Water Resources Development. Vol. 30, No. 3, 460–474. Nakamura, T. (2003). Ecosystem-based River Basin Management: its approach and policylevel application. Hydrological Processes (17): 2711-2725. Pambudi, A.S. (2021a). Analysis of the Stability of Sediment Control Buildings under Design Flood Conditions and Full Sediment Storage: A Case at Sumber Brantas Arboretum, Batu City (Analisis Stabilitas Bangunan Pengendali Sedimen Pada Kondisi Banjir Rancangan Dan Tampungan Sedimen Penuh : Suatu Kasus Di Arboretum Sumber Brantas, Kota Batu). Jurnal Teknik Sipil, 17(2), 169-183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.28932/jts.v17i2. 3568 Pambudi, A. S. (2021b). Sustainable Lake/Situ Management. Case Study : Situ In Bogor City. Indonesian Journal of Applied Research (IJAR), 2(2), 79-91. https://doi.org/10. Academia Letters, November 2021

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Corresponding Author: Andi Setyo Pambudi, [email protected] Citation: Pambudi, A.S. (2021). Environmental Mitigation And Adaptation As Key Factors For Increasing Water Demand. Academia Letters, Article 4069. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL4069.

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30997/ijar.v2i2.108 Pambudi, A.S. (2019). Watershed Management in Indonesia: A Regulation, Institution, and Policy Review. The Indonesian Journal of Development Planning, 3(2), 185-202. https:// doi.org/10.36574/jpp.v3i2.74 Soemarwoto, Otto (1999). Environmental Impact Analysis (Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan). Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. UNEP. (1983). Rain and Stormwater Harvesting in Rural Areas. Tycooly Int. Publ. Lmt. Dublin, Ireland. Watson, J.E., Dudley, N., Segan, D.B., & Hockings, M. (2014). The performance and potential of protected areas. Nature 515, 67–7.

Academia Letters, November 2021

©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0

Corresponding Author: Andi Setyo Pambudi, [email protected] Citation: Pambudi, A.S. (2021). Environmental Mitigation And Adaptation As Key Factors For Increasing Water Demand. Academia Letters, Article 4069. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL4069.

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