Epithelium-and-glands PDF

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Epithelium and GlandsEpithelial tissue Present in 2 forms: Contiguous cells (epithelia) that cover the body on its external surface and line the body on its internal surface Glands, which originate from invaginated epithelial cells Epithelia are derived from all 3 embryonic germ layers - Ectoderm - ...

Description

Epi t he l i um a ndGl a nds Epi t he l i alt i s s ue •Pr e s e nti n2f or ms : •Cont i guousc e l l s( e pi t he l i a )t ha tc o ve rt hebodyoni t se xt e r na ls ur f a c ea ndl i net he bod yoni t si nt e r na ls ur f a c e •Gl a nds , whi c hor i gi na t ef r om i n va gi na t e de pi t he l i a lc e l l s •Epi t he l i aa r ede r i v e df r oma l l3e mbr yoni cge r ml a y e r s •Ec t ode r m •Or a la ndna s a lmuc os a e •Cor ne a •Epi de r mi soft hes ki n •Gl a ndsoft hes ki n •Ma mma r ygl a nds •Me s ode r m •Ur i ni f e r oust ubul e soft heki dne y •Li ni n goft hema l ea ndf e ma l er e pr oduc t i v es y s t e m •Endot he l i a ll i ni n goft hec i r c ul a t or ys y s t e m •Me s ot he l i um oft hebod yc a vi t i e s •Endode r m •Li v e r •Pa nc r e a s •Li ni n goft her e s pi r a t or ya ndg a s t r oi nt e s t i na lt r a c t Epi t he l i um Ti ght l yboundc ont i guousc e l l sf or mi ngs he e t sc o v e r i n gorl i ni n gt hebodya r ekno wna sa ne pi t he l i um. •

Se pa r a t e df r om t heunde r l yi ngc onne c t i v et i s s ueb ya ne xt r a c e l l ul a rma t r i x( bas al l ami na/ bas e me ntme mbr ane( l ami nar e t i c ul arfibe r s+bas all ami na) •Synt he s i z e db ye pi t he l i a lc e l l s

•I sa va s c ul a r •Suppl i e dbya dj a c e ntc onne c t i v et i s s uebydi ffus i ont hr ou ghba s a ll a mi na Cl as s i fic at i onofe pi t he l i alme mbr ane s Ce l la r r a ng e me nta ndmor phol ogya r et heba s e sofc l a s s i fic a t i onofe pi t he l i um. •Si mpl ee pi t he l i um •Compos e dofs i n gl el a y e rofc e l l s •St r at i fie de pi t he l i um •Compos e dofs e v e r a ll a y e r sofc e l l s •Cl a s s i fie db yt hei t ss upe r fic i a ll a y e r

•Ps e udos t r at i fie de pi t he l i um •Tr ans i t i onale pi t he l i um •Mor phol ogy •Squa mous( fla t ) •Cuboi da l •Col umna r Si mpl es quamouse pi t he l i um Si mpl es q ua mouse pi t he l i um i sf or me dofas i n gl el a ye roffla tc e l l s . •Ce nt r a l l yl oc a t e dnuc l e us •Li nepul mona r ya l v e ol i •Li nei nne ra ndmi ddl ee a r s •Compos et hel oopofHe nl ea ndt hepa r i e t a ll a ye rofBo wma n ’ sc a ps ul ei nt heki dne y •For mt hee ndot he l i a ll i ni ngofbl ooda ndl ymp hv e s s e l s •For m me s ot he l i um oft hepl e ur a la ndpe r i t one a lc a vi t i e s Si mpl ec uboi dale pi t he l i um Si mpl ec uboi da le pi t he l i um i sc omp os e dofas i ngl el a y e rofc e l l ss ha pe dl i k et r unc a t e dhe xa g ona ls ol i ds . •Ce nt r a l l ypl a c e dr oundnuc l e us •Ma k eupt heduc t sofma n ygl a ndsoft hebody •For mt hec o v e r i n goft heo v a r y •Compos es omeki dne yt ubul e s Si mpl ec ol umnare pi t he l i um Si mpl ec ol umna re pi t he l i um i sc ompos e dofas i n gl el a ye roft a l lc e l l ss ha pe dl i kehe xa g ona ls ol i ds . •Ov oi dnuc l e il oc a t e da tt heba s a lha l foft hec e l l •Li ni n g: •Ovi duc t s •Duc t ul ide f e r e nt e soft e s t i s •Ut e r us •Sma l lbr onc hi •Muc hofdi g e s t i v et r a c t •Ga l l bl a dde r •La r g educ t sofs omegl a nds • Ha smi c r o vi l l i •Cyt opl a s mi cpr oc e s s e s • Ha sc i l i awhe nl i ni ngt heut e r us , o vi duc t s , duc t ul ide f e r e nt e sa nds ma l lbr onc hi •Ha i r l i kes t r uc t ur e s St r at i fie ds quamouse pi t he l i um St r a t i fie ds q ua mous( nonk e r a t i ni z e d )e pi t he l i um c ompr i s e ss e v e r a ll a ye r sofc e l l s ;t hes ur f a c e mos tl a y e r pos s e s s e snuc l e i . St r a t i fie ds qua mous( k e r a t i ni z e d)e pi t he l i um i sdi s t i nc ti nt ha tt hel a y e r soft hec e l l s c ompos i n gt hef r e es ur f a c ea r ede a d, nonnuc l e a t e d, a ndfil l e dwi t hke r a t i n. • NONKERATI NI ZED •Mos tba s a lc e l l sa r ec uboi da l •Mi ddl ec e l l sa r epol ymor phous •Us ua l l ywe t •Li ni n g: •Mout h

•Or a lpha r ynx •Epi gl ot t i s •Es opha gus •Tr uev oc a lf ol ds •Va gi na •KERATI NI ZED •Supe r fic i a ll a ye ri sc ompos e dofde a dc e l l s •Cyt opl a s ma ndnuc l e usa r er e pl a c e dbyk e r a t i n •Cons t i t ut et hee pi de r mi sofs ki n •I mpe r me a bl et owa t e r St r at i fie dc uboi dale pi t he l i um •Li ne st heduc t soft hes we a tgl a nds St r at i fie dc ol umnare pi t he l i um St r a t i fie dc ol umna re pi t he l i um c ompr i s e smor et ha nonel a ye rofc e l l s . Thes upe r fic i a ll a ye ri sc ol umna ri n s ha pe . •Con j unc t i v aoft hee y e •La r g ee xc r e t or yduc t s •Re gi onsoft hema l eur e t hr a Tr ans i t i onale pi t he l i um Tr a ns i t i ona le pi t he l i um c ons i s t sofs e v e r a ll a y e r sofc e l l s . Thes ur f a c el a y e ri sl a r g ea nddome s ha pe d. •Ur i na r yt r a c tf r omr e na lc a l y c e st our e t hr a •Supe r fic i a lc e l l sa r eoc c a s i ona l l ybi nuc l e a t e d Ps e udos t r at i fie dc ol umnare pi t he l i um Ps e udos t r a t i fie dc ol umna re pi t he l i um onl ya ppe a r ss t r a t i fie d;a l lc e l l sa r ei nc ont a c twi t ht heba s a ll a mi na . •Compos e dofs i n gl el a y e rofc e l l s •Al lc e l l sa r ei nc ont a c twi t hba s a ll a mi na •Onl ys omec e l l sr e a c ht hes ur f a c e •Foundi n: •Ma l eur e t hr a •Epi di d ymi s •La r g e re xc r e t or yduc t sofgl a nds •Mos t l yc i l i a t e d •Ps e udos t r a t i fie dc i l i a t e dc ol umna re pi t he l i um •Tr a c he a •Pr i ma r ybr onc hi •Audi t or yt ube •Pa r toft het ympa ni cc a vi t y •Na s a lc a vi t y •La c r i ma ls a c Pol ar i t yandCe l l Sur f ac es pe c i al i z at i on Epi t he l i a lc e l lpol a r i t ya ndc e l l s ur f a c es pe c i a l i z a t i ona r er e l a t e dt oc e l l ul a rmor phol o gya ndf unc t i on Api c aldomai n

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Thea pi c a ldoma i nr e pr e s e nt st hef r e es ur f a c eoft hee pi t he l i a lc e l l s .

Mi c r o vi l l i Mi c r o vi l l ia r es ma l lfing e r l i kec yt opl a s mi cpr o j e c t i onse ma na t i n gf r om t hef r e es ur f a c eoft hec e l li nt ot he l ume n. • Foundi nc ol umna ra ndc uboi da le pi t he l i a lc e l l s • Re pr e s e nt ss t r i at e dbor de roft hei nt e s t i na la bs or pt i v ec e l l s • Re pr e s e nt sbr us hbor de roft heki dne ypr o xi ma lt ubul ec e l l s • Con t a i nac or eof2530ac t i nfil ame nt s ,c r os s l i nke db yvi l l i n, • Ext e ndt ot hec yt opl a s mi nt het e r mi nalwe b •Compl e xofa c t i na nds pe c t r i nmol e c ul e sa ndi nt e r me di a t efil a me nt s ( c yt ok e r a t i n) •Loc a t e da tt hec or t e xoft hee pi t he l i a lc e l l s •Conne c t e dt ot hepl a s mame mbr a neoft hemi c r o vi l l usb ymy os i nIa nd c al modul i n •Epi t he l i anotf unc t i oni n gi na bs or pt i onort r a ns por tmye xhi bi tmi c r o vi l l iwi t houtc or e sof a c t i nfil a me nt s •Coa t e db ygl y c oc a l yx •St e r e oc i l i a:l ongmi c r o vi l l if oundonl yi nt hee pi di dymi sa ndont hes e ns or yha i rc e l l s oft hec oc hl e a( i nne re a r ) •Nonmot i l e •Cont a i nac or eofa c t i nfil a me nt s •Func t i oni ns i gna lge ne r a t i oni nha i rc e l l soft hee a r

Ci l i a Ci l i aa r el ong , mot i l e ,ha i r l i kes t r uc t ur e se ma na t i ngf r om t hea pi c a lc e l ls ur f a c e . The i rc or ei sc ompos e dofa c ompl e xa r r a n g e me ntofmi c r ot ubul e skno wna st hea x one me . •Mot i l e •Foundi n: •Re s pi r a t or ys y s t e m •Tr a c he a •Br onc hi •Ovi duc t •Mo v et hef e r t i l i z e do vum t o wa r dt heut e r us •Ha i rc e l l soft hev e s t i bul a ra ppa r a t us •Pos s e s sonl ys i ngl ec i l i um •Func t i oni ns e ns or yme c ha ni s m • Compos e dofax one me •Compos e dofmi c r ot ubul e sa r r a ng e di n9+2 • 2c e nt r a l l yl oc a t e ds i ngl e t s •Compos e dof13pr ot ofil a me nt s • 9doubl e t ss ur r oundt hes i n gl e t sa ndc ompos e dof2s ubuni t s •Subuni tA •Compos e dof13pr ot ofil a me nt s •Subuni tB •Compos e dof10pr ot ofil a me nt s

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•Sha r e3pr ot ofil a me nt sofs ubuni tA •I nc ompl e t ec i r c l e Ex c e pta t t heba s ewhe r et hea x one mei sa t t a c he dt obas albody •Si mi l a rt oc e nt r i ol e •Compos e dof9t r i pl e t sa ndnos i ng l e t s •De v e l opf r om pr oc e nt r i ol eor gani z e r

•Radi als poke s • Pr o j e c tf r om s ubuni tAt owa r dt hec e nt r als he at h( s ur r oundt he2 s i ng l e t s ) •Ne xi n •Conne c tne i ghbor i ngdoubl e t s •Ext e ndf r om s ubuni tAofonedoubl e tt os ubuni tBofa d j a c e ntdoubl e t •Re s t r a i nmo v e me nta c t i onb ydyne i nt obe ndi ng •Dyne i n •Ext e ndf r om s ubuni tAofonedoubl e tt os ubuni tBofa d j a c e ntdoubl e t •Ac t i vei nfla g e l l a •Ha sATPa s ea c t i vi t y •Pr o vi dee ne r gyf orc i l i a r ybe ndi n g Cl i ni c alc or r e l at i ons •Ka r t a g e ne r ’ ss yndr ome •Re s ul tf r om he r e di t a r yde f e c t si nt hec i l i a r ydyne i nt ha twoul dnor ma l l ypr o vi de e ne r gyf orc i l i a r ybe ndi n g. •Ma l e swi t ht hi ss yndr omea r es t e r i l es i nc et he i rs pe r ma r ei mmo t i l e

Bas ol at e r alDomai n TheBa s ol a t e r a ldoma i ni nc l ude st heba s a la ndl a t e r a la s pe c t soft hec e l lme mb r a ne + + •Ri c hi nNa, KATPa s e La t e r alme mbr anes pe c i al i z a t i on: La t e r a lme mbr a nes pe c i a l i z a t i onsr e v e a lt hepr e s e nc eofj unc t i ona lc ompl e x e s . •

Te r mi nalbar s :z one swhe r ee pi t he l i a lc e l l sa r ei nc ont a c ta nda t t a c he dt oe a c hot he r •Es pe c i a l l ynot a bl ei nt hea pi c a lr e gi onoft hes i mpl ec ol umna re pi t he l i um l i ni n gt he gut •Compos e dofj unc t i onalc ompl e x e s : •Ti ghtJunc t i ons( a. k. aZonul aeorOc c l udi ngj unc t i ons ) •Func t i oni nj oi ni n gc e l l st of or ma ni mpe r me a bl eba r r i e r ,pr e v e nt i n g ma t e r i a lf r om t a ki n ga ni nt e r c e l l ul a rr out e •Anc hor i ngj unc t i ons •Func t i oni nma i nt a i ni ngc e l l t oc e l lorc e l l t oba s a ll a mi naa dhe r e nc e •Gap( akaCommuni c at i ngj unc t i ons ) •Func t i oni npe r mi t t i ngmo v e me ntofi onsors i gna l i n gmol e c ul e s be t we e nc e l l s

Ti ghtJunc t i ons( Zonul aeoc c l ude nt s ) Ti ghtj unc t i onspr e v e ntmo v e me ntofme mbr a nepr ot e i nsa ndf unc t i ont opr e v e nti nt e r c e l l ul a rmo v e me ntof wa t e r s ol ubl emol e c ul e s . •Kno wna st i ghtj unc t i ons •Loc a t e da pi c a l l y •Out e rl e a fle t sofa dj a c e ntc e l l sf us ea nddi v e r g ea ndf us ea nddi v e r g e .

• Cl audi nsa ndoc c l udi nst r a ns me mbr a nepr ot e i nsbi ndt oe a c hot he ra tf us i ons i t e s •For mz onul a eoc c l ude nt e s •Cl a udi nsa r ec a l c i um i nde pe nde nt •Don ’ tf or ms t r on gc e l la dhe s i ons •The i rc ont a c ta r er e i nf or c e db y •Cadhe r i ns •For mz onul a ea dhe r e nt e s •Ca l c i um de pe nde nt •Cyt opl a s mi cz onul a eoc c l ude nspr ot e i nsZO1, ZO2a ndZO3 •Ti ghtj unc t i ons t r ands :l oc a t e da tt hePf a c eoft hei nne rl e a fle t •For me db yc l a udi ns •Func t i oni n2wa y s : •Pr e v e ntmo v e me ntofme mbr a nepr o t e i nsf r om t hea pi c a ldoma i nt ot heBa s ol a t e r a l doma i n •Fus epl a s mame mbr a neofa d j a c e ntc e l l s Anc hor i ng( Adhe r i ngorZonul aeadhe r e nt s ) Anc hor i ngj unc t i onsa r ebe l t l i k ej unc t i onst ha ta s s i s ta dj oi ni n gc e l l st oa dhe r et oonea not he r . •Loc a t e dba s a lt oz onul a eoc c l ude nt e s •I nt e r c e l l ul a rs pa c ei soc c upi e dbyt hee xt r a c e l l ul a rmoi e t i e sofc adhe r i ns •Bi ndt oc a dhe r i nsofa dj a c e ntc e l la ndf or mz onul a ea dhe r e nt e s •Ca l c i um de pe nde nt s •Tr ans me mbr anel i nke rpr ot e i ns •Li nkc yt os ke l e t onofa d j a c e ntc e l l s •I nt r a c e l l ul a ra s pe c t bi ndt oa c t i nfil a me nt st ha tr unpa r a l l e lt oc e l l me mbr a ne •Ac t i nfil a me nt sa r eboundt oe a c hot he ra ndc e l lme mbr a neb y: •Ca t e ni n •Vi nc ul i n •Al f aac t i ni n • Fas c i aadhe r e ns :s i mi l a rt oz onul a ea dhe r e nt e sbutdoe snotg oa r oundt he e nt i r ec e l l . • Li nkc a r di a cmus c l ec e l l s De s mos ome s( mac ul aeadhe r e nt e s ) De s mos ome sa r ewe l dl i kej unc t i onsa l on gt hel a t e r a lc e l lme mbr a ne st ha the l pt or e s i s ts he a r i n gf or c e s . •Foundi ns i mpl ee pi t he l i aa nds t r a t i fie ds q ua mouse pi t he l i a , e s pe c i a l l yi ne pi de r mi s •At t ac hme ntpl aque s •Loc a t e doppos i t et oe a c ho t he ri nt hec yt opl a s mi ca s pe c tofa dj a c e ntc e l l s •Compos e dofa t t a c hme ntpr ot e i ns

•De s mopl aki ns •Pakogl obi ns •I nt e r me di at efil ame nt sma keaha i r pi nt ur nont hepl a que •Fi l a me nt ousma t e r i a loc c upyt hei nt e r c e l l ul a rr e gi onofa t t a c hme nt pl a que s •De s mogl e i n •De s moc ol l i n •^Ext r a c e l l ul a rc ompon e ntoft r a ns me mbr a nel i nke rpr ot e i nsoft hec a dhe r i nf a mi l y

Cl i ni c alc or r e l at i ons •Pe mphi gusvul gar i s •Ant i bodi e spr oduc e da g a i ns tde s mos oma lpr ot e i ns( De s mo gl e i n) , e s pe c i a l l yt hos ei n t hes ki n •Di s r uptc e l la dhe s i on •Wi de s pr e a dofbl i s t e r i nga ndl os sofe xt r a c e l l ul a rflui ds •Tr e a t e dwi t hs t e r oi ds •Ac a nt hol y s i s :l os sofi nt e r c e l l ul a rc onne c t i onss uc ha sde s mos ome s , r e s ul t i ngi nl os sof c ohe s i on

Gapj unc t i ons( Communi c at i ngJunc t i ons ) Ga pj unc t i ons , a l s oc a l l e dne xusorc ommuni c a t i ngj unc t i ons , a r er e gi onsofi nt e r c e l l ul a rc ommu ni c a t i on. •Pr e s e nti ne pi t he l i a lt i s s ue st hr ou ghoutt hebody+c a r di a cmus c l ec e l l s+s moot hmus c l ec e l l s +ne ur ons •Notpr e s e nti ns k e l e t a lmus c l ec e l l s •I nt e r c e l l ul a rc l e f ta tg a pj unc t i onsi s24nm • For me dby6pa c ke dt r a ns me mbr a nec ha nne l f or mi n gpr ot e i nsc o nne xi ns • For mc ha nne l sc a l l e dc onne x ons •Pe r mi tpa s s a g eofi ons , a mi noa c i ds , vi t a mi ns , c yc l i ca de nos i ne monophos pha t e( c AMP) , c e r t a i nhor mone sa ndmol e c ul e ss ma l l e rt ha n1kDai n s i z e . •Ga pj unc t i onsc l os e dby •De c r e a s ei nc yt os ol i cpH 2 + •I nc r e a s ei nc yt os ol i cCa c onc e nt r a t i on •Ga pj unc t i onsope ne db y: •I nc r e a s ei nc yt os ol i cpH 2 + •De c r e a s ei nc yt os ol i cCa c onc e nt r a t i on Cl i ni c alc or r e l at i ons •Mut a t i onsi nc onne xi nsg e ne s •Nons yndr omi cde af ne s s •Er yt hr oke r at ode r mi avar i abi l i s :s ki ndi s or de r •Dy s f unc t i ona lmi gr a t i onofne ur a lc r e s tc e l l sdur i ngde v e l opme nt •Le a dt omut a t i onsi nc onne xi nsg e ne s •Re s ul ti nde f e c t si nt hef or ma t i onoft hepul mona r yv e s s e l soft hehe a r t .

Bas als ur f ac es pe c i al i z a t i on

Ba s a ls ur f a c es pe c i a l i z a t i onsi nc l udet heba s a ll a mi na , pl a s mame mbr a nee nf ol di ng sa ndhe mi de s mos ome s . Pl a s mame mb r a nee nf ol di ng : Enf ol di ng soft heba s a lpl a s mame mb r a nei nc r e a s et hes ur f a c ea r e aa v a i l a bl ef ort r a ns por t . He mi de s mos ome s He mi de s mos ome sa t t a c ht heba s a lc e l lme mbr a net ot heunde r l yi ngba s a ll a mi na . • • • •

At t ac hme ntpl aquec ompos e dofDe s mopl a ki ns , pl e c t i n Ke r at i nt onofil ame nt s :i ns e r ti nt ot hepl a que s Tr ans me mbr anel i nke rpr ot e i ns I nt e gr i ns :af a mi l yofe xt r a c e l l ul a rma t r i xr e c e pt or s •Cyt opl a s mi ca s pe c ta t t a c ht ot hepl a que •Ext r a c e l l ul a ra s pe c tbi ndt ol ami ni na ndt ypeI Vc ol l age noft heba s a ll a mi na Cl i ni c alc or r e l at i ons • Me t apl as i a:t r a ns f or mi ngi nt oa not he re pi t he l i a lt ype • Ps e udos t r a t i fie dc i l i a t e dc ol umna re pi t he l i um oft hebr onc hiofhe a vys mok e r sma y unde r gos quamousme t apl as i a, t r a ns f or mi ngi nt os t r a t i fie ds qua mouse pi t he l i um • Car c i nomas :ma l i gna ntt umor sa r i s i ngf r om e pi t he l i a • Ade noc ar c i nomas :t umor sa r i s i n gf r om gl a ndul a re pi t he l i a lc e l l s

Gl ands •For me db ye pi t he l i a lc e l l st ha tde v e l opa ndpe ne t r a t ei nt ot heunde r l yi ngc onne c t i v et i s s ue , ma nuf a c t ur i n gaba s a ll a mi naa r oundt he m. • Par e nc hymaoft hegl a nd:s e c r e t or yuni t sa ndt he i rduc t s • St r oma:e l e me nt sofc onne c t i v et i s s uet ha ti n v a dea nds uppor tt hepa r e nc h yma . • Synt he s i sma c r omol e c ul e spa c ka ge da nds t or e di nv e s i c l e sc a l l e ds e c r e t or ygr anul e s . •Pol ype pt i dehor mone–pi t ui t a r ygl a nd •Wa xys ubs t a nc e–c e r umi nousgl a ndsoft hee a rc a na l •Muc i no ge n–gobl e tc e l l s •Mi l k, c ombi na t i onofpr ot e i n,l i pi da ndc a r boh ydr a t e s–ma mma r ygl a nds •Cl a s s i fic a t i ons : •Exoc r i negl ands •Se c r e t et he i rpr odu c t svi aduc t s •Endoc r i negl ands •Duc t l e s s •Los tt he i rc onne c t i onst ot heor i gi na t i nge pi t he l i um •Se c r e t et he i rpr odu c t si nt ot hebl oodorl ympha t i cv e s s e l sf ordi s t r i but i on •

Cyt oki ne s :s i gna l i n gmol e c ul e ss e c r e t e db yma n yc e l l sa nda c tont a r ge tc e l l s •Aut oc r i ne •Thes i gna l i n gc e l li st het a r g e tc e l l •Par ac r i ne •Thet a r g e tc e l li sl oc a t e di nt hevi c i ni t yoft hes i gna l i n gc e l l •Endoc r i ne •Thet a r g e tc e l li sf a rf r om t hes i gna l i n gc e l l . Cyt oki neha st obet r a ns por t e db y bl oodorl ymph

•Cons t i t ut i v es e c r e t or ypat hwa y •Gl a ndss e c r e t et he i rpr odu c t sc ont i nuous l ywi t houts t or a gea nds i gna l i n gmol e c ul e s •Re gul at e ds e c r e t or ypa t hwa y •Gl a ndsc onc e nt r a t ea nds t or et he i rpr oduc t sunt i lt he yr e c e i v eas i gna lf orr e l e a s i n g.

Ex oc r i negl ands Ex oc r i negl a ndss e c r e t et he i rpr oduc t svi aaduc tt ot hes ur f a c eoft he i re pi t he l i a lr e gi on. •Muc o usgl ands • Se c r e t emuc i nog e ns :l a r g egl y c os y l a t e dpr ot e i ns , s we l luponh ydr a t i ona nd be c omevi s c ousg e l l i k epr ot e c t i v el ubr i c a ntknowna smuc i n,ama j or c ompone nt ofmuc us . •Gobl e t c e l l s •Mi nors a l i va r ygl a ndsoft het onguea ndpa l a t e •Se r ousgl ands •Pa nc r e a s •Se c r e t ea nde nz ymer i c hwa t e r yflui d

•Mi x e dgl ands •Cont a i na c i ni( s e c r e t or yuni t s )t ha ts e c r e t emuc ouss e c r e t i ons • Someoft hemuc ousa c i nipos s e s ss e r ousde mi l une s( agr oupofc e l l s t ha ts e c r e t es e r ousflui d) •Cont a i na c i nit ha ts e c r e t es e r ouss e c r e t i ons •Subl i ngua lgl a nd •Subma ndi bul a rgl a nd •Me c ha ni s m ofr e l e a s i ngofe x oc r i negl a nds •Hol oc r i ne •Se ba c e ousgl a nd •Ce l lma t ur e s , di e sa ndbe c ome st hes e c r e t or ypr oduc t •Me r oc r i ne •Pa r ot i dgl a nd •Oc c urvi ae x oc yt os i s •Ne i t he rc e l lme mbr a nenorc yt opl a s m be c omepa r tofs e c r e t i on •Apoc r i ne •La c t a t i ngma mma r ygl a nd •Sma l lpor t i onofa pi c a lc yt opl a s mi sr e l e a s e dwi t ht hes e c r e t or ypr oduc t Uni c e l l ul are x oc r i negl ands

Uni c e l l ul a re x oc r i negl a ndsa r et hes i mpl e s tf or m oft hee x oc r i negl a nds . •Gobl e tc e l l •Di s pe r s e di nt hee pi t he l i al i ni n gt hedi g e s t i v et r a c ta ndpor t i onofr e s pi r a t or yt r a c t •Muc ousgl a nds • I t sa pi c a lr e gi onkno wna st he c a • Fi l l e dwi t hme mbr a nebounds e c r e t or ydr opl e t s • I t sba s a lr e gi onkno wna ss t e m •Loc a t i onofnuc l e us •Re l e a s emuc i nog e nb ypa r a s ympa t he t i ci nne r v a t i on Mul t i c e l l ul are xoc r i negl ands Mul t i c e l l ul a re x oc r i negl a ndse xi s ta sor g a ni z e dc l us t e r sofs e c r e t or yuni t s . •Gl a ndul a re pi t he l i um ofut e r us •Ga s t r i cmuc os a •Cl a s s i fic a t i on •Si mpl e:t he i rduc t sdon ’ tbr a nc h •Compound:t he i rduc t sbr a nc h •Ca t e gor i e s •Tubul ar •Ac i nar( al v e ol a...