EXAM 1 Study guides combined PDF

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Professor Baldwin, these notes cover the study guide for Exam 1...

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Study Guide 1 Insects have 3 body regions: head, thorax, and abdomen. Spiders though are not insects. Their legs are attached to the cephalothorax.

Chapter 1 p 3-17 and table on page 320 1. Why are insects considered to be “Key” terrestrial animals? (p3-4) Half of living things and ¾ of animal species are insects (abundant). Large biomass, small size. 2. What characteristics of insects contribute to their species richness? Their small size allowing them to live anywhere. Successful in adaptation. 3. Where do insects live and what are some of their food habits? (p 4-7) Insects live everywhere except extreme polar conditions, mountain tops, and oceans. Food habits include feeding on green plants, other insects, and possibly parasite type of insect. 4. Why can muscles in insects be used so efficiently and what exactly is an exoskeleton? (p 8-9) Power increases in proportion to their cross sectional area where body volume (and weight) increases as the cube of body dimensions. This allows them to use muscles to fly or use locomotion. Exoskeletons are protective layers on the surface made of Chitin and protein. Used for support and protection and an attachment source for appendages. 5. Describe the range of ways insects contribute to commerce. (p 13-17) The need for pesticides against destructive agricultural pests. Free pollination and wildlife nutrition. 6. List the variety of insects used as food. What animals eat insects (entomophagy)? (p 14) Insects eaten by people, birds, mammals, and fish including game and sport fish.

7. Name some of the insects and their roles that are or were important in other cultures. (p 13-17) Insects that kill crops include rice weevils, granary weevils. 8. Describe the different reasons insects may be cultured. (p16-17)

Thought Questions: 1. How have insects contributed to our understanding of broader biological principles? 2. How do flagship species and the umbrella effect contribute to insect conservation? 3. What are some of the factors that affect conservation status and conservation programs? Lecture Notes: 1. Classification a) Define classification: Scheme of categorizing organisms b) Define taxonomy: Basic work of recognizing, describing, naming, and classifying insects c) What are the kingdoms? Protista, fungi, plantae, animalia.

d) What is the advantage of using a scientific name over a common name of an organism?

e) How does classification help us identify an organism? Putting it into its class tells us what structures this organism has,

a. Classification system f) Write out your own little ditty besides Kings Play Chess On Fine Gold Saddles to remember the sequence to 1) Kingdom, 2) Phylum, 3) Class, 4) Order, 5) Genus, and 6)Species: K ids P lay C ards

Or F ind G ames S omewhere else

b. Examples g) Examples of classification. Classify two organisms (other than a lion and beetle). If you need more help, check out the web or your text. The second half of your text contains keys to the orders of insects. Hierarchy Organism: Organism: vs. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

c. Father of Classification h) Carolus Linnaeus i) Who is he? And what did he do for Classification? He is the father of lassification. Coined the term nomenclature. He named thousands of organisms. Binomial nomenclature

ii) What would an (L) mean after a species name? L after a species means Linnaeus named it or discovered it. 2. What is an arthropod? a) What observations did you make from the Arthropod Activity? Segmented body, exoskeleton, jointed appendages, dorsal brain, ventral nerve cord, open circulatory system, dorsal heart, and sheds molds. b) Which phylum do insects, crabs and spiders belong to? Arthropoda c) What distinguishes an arthropod from other phyla? For instance, how can you tell an arthropod from a human? Segmented body, jointed appendages d) What are the advantages and disadvantages to having an exoskeleton? Advantages: Protection, retardation of water movement, barrier, concealing colors and shapes Disadvantages: special modification for gaseous exchange and sensory pickup, and major restriction on growth.

3. Arthropod subpyla

a) What are the names of the Arthropod subphyla? Mandibulata and Chelicerata. Also trilobite, crustacea, Myriapoda, Hexapoda i) How are these subphyla different from each other? Which ones have antenna? How do they differ in their mouth types?

Myriapoda, Crustacea, and hexapoda has antenna Chelicerata 4) List the two chelicerate classes discussed in the table. each. Chelicerate Class: Arachhnida Chelicera type of (such as spiders, ticks, etc.) mouth parts (fangs) Ex. Sowbug eating spider do not have anteannas ror jaws/

And write down examples of Merostamata Such as horshoe crabs. Only living merostamata.

5) Define cephalothorax: Spiders are an example, they include head thorax and abdomen. All legs attached to the mesothorax Scorpions, tick, and daddy long legs are also in this class. 6) What are the six arachnid orders and their common names? List them in the table below. What are their distinguishing characteristics? *Take the Arachnid Order Quiz. Arachnid Order:

Common Name: Distinguis hing characteris itcs:

1.Aran eae (spider ) spider

Spin webs and have nest traps for prey

2.Uropygi (whipscorpi on) whipscorpi on Tropicl and temperatre regions resembelin g a spider with a whip tail

3.Opilione s (harvestm en) harvestm en

4.Scrpio nes (scorpio ns) scorpion es

5.Acari

6.Pseudoscorpi ones

Ticks and mites

pseudoscorpio nes

Compact rounded body with extremely long legs

Warmer parts of the world. Long narrow segment ed tail in a venomo us sting

Bloodsuck ing arachnids . Barbed proboscis for attachem ent to skin

Tailless scorpion.

Mandibulata 7) List the Mandibulate subphyla discussed in this unit (p 320): Crustacea, Myriapoda, hexapoda a) How do you differentiate between the different subphyla and classes? Finish filling out the table below as read about Mandibulate Classes.

Subphylum Class

Crustacea Malacostraca

Distinguishi ng characterist ics:

Biramous appendages Hard exoskeleton, mostly aquatic except isopod. 2-3 body segments. 4 antennae, median eye, appendages used for movement and feeding. Breathe with gills. Sexual reproduction

Examples:

Crab, isopod, crawfish, copepod, lobster

Myriapoda Chilopoda Diplopoda (dipopoda)2 pairs of legs per segments, chewing mouthparts, eat decaying organic matter, exoskeleton. (Chilopoda) nocturnal, one pair of legs per segment, one pair of antennae, jaws, 2 pairs of maxillae

Hexapoda Insecta

Diplopoda- Millipede, ChilopodaCentapides

Bees, wasps, butterflies,

Exoskeleton of chitin, 3 body segments (head, thorax, abdomen), 3 pairs of mouthparts, 1 pair of antennae, compound and simple eyes, 3 pair of legs, varied appearances.

b) What are the two Crustacean Orders discussed in this unit? Malacostraca i) List three characteristics of Decapods:

Character Summary 8) Arthropod Classes Characteristic Summary. a) How do you differentiate between a spider, an insect and a crustacean?

Study Guide 2 Evolutionary Stages Apterygota 1. What does "apterygote" mean? Without Wings 2. Describe this stage and which insects represent this group. Simple A Metabolist (without metamorphosis. No change in structure during molds only change in size. Use indirect

insemination (I.e silverfish uses hanging semen and brings female to it). Example of insect is silverfish Paleopterous 1. What does "paleopterous" mean? First insects that developed wings. 2. Which two Insect Orders currently make up Paleoptera? Odenates. Mayflies and Dragonflies 3. Describe this stage and which insects represent this group. Second stage. Hemimetabolies development. Wings soon will be replaced by new wings that can fold behind the abdomen. 4. Explain the difference between the direct flight musculature found in dragonflies and the indirect musculature found in mayflies and other winged insects.

Wing Flexon (Infraclass Neoptera) 1. What does "neopterous" mean? New Wing (wasps, beetles, flies, 2. Describe this stage and which insects represent this group. Third stage in wing evolution 3. How was this stage an advantage over the previous stages? This stage has the ability to fold its wings behind its abdomen so it can fit in tighter spaces without damaging its wings. 4. Why do some researchers prefer to use the terms exopterygota (wings develop on outside of body) and endopterygota to hemimetabola and holometabola?

Metamorphosis terms Differentiate between ametabolous, hemimetabolous, and holometabolous. Type of metamorphosis ametabolous

hemimetabolous

Definition Hatches from egg and continues to mold as juveniles unitl the adult stage. Found in most primitive orders. Never develop wings Exopterygota (partial development). Young look similar to adult but do not have wings and cannot reproduce.

Insects that do this

Thysanura

Grasshopper

Complete metamorphosis. Egg hatches to larvae that looks nothing like adult. Morphs into the pupae state Mosquito, butterfly and then adult mosquito that has wings. Other topics to consider: 1. Describe complete metamorphosis and which insects represent this group. Holometabolous

holometabolous

Caterpillers, mosquitoes. Complete metamorphosis has egg, Larvae, Pupa, Adault a. Why are insects in this group so successful? Insects can be more successful because the larval from can be more specialized for eating and growing machine while adult is specialized as a reproducing machine. 2. The evolution of what other organisms contributed most to the evolution of insects? 3. What body structure is the most common fossil of insects? (p335) a. Which age is referred to as the “Age of Cockroaches” (p338)? Note: Search “Meganeura” on YouTube to see animations of this giant of the ancient world. Also, check out the chapter on the DVD Life in the Undergrowth on the Invasion of Land to see a recreation of some of the fossils of dragonflies. This DVD is well worth purchasing if you like nature documentaries. 4. Insects are best preserved in amber. How can the abundance of only amber fossils and the lack of other fossil types bias the fossil record? a. Were the first insects aquatic or terrestrial? What evidence is there to support this conclusion? Note that primitive insects appeared during the Devonian “Age of Fishes”, but didn’t expand and radiate (flight) until the Carboniferous. b. For what evolutionary reason did wings evolve? 5. What life changes occurred to produce the holometabolic mode of metamorphosis from the hemimetabolic mode? How do the life stages of each strategy correspond to one another?

6. What is homology? (p 18) Would beetles with chewing mouthparts and mosquitoes with piercing-sucking mouthparts be homologous? Homologous is structural likeness of anatomical parts due to a common evolutionary origin. 7. What is an example of convergent evolution between insects and birds? 8. What term is used to define a single cell of the epidermis that is modified into something that resembles a hair? How can this be used for defense? (p20) Setea is a hair like structure 9. How are muscles attached to the exoskeleton? ( p 20) Apodems attach muscle.

10. What are Hox genes? (p47-50) Hox gene is responsible for regulating the development of animal body forms. a. What do Hox genes tell us about the fate of gills among the arthropod subphyla (p 50)? b. Do centipedes have gills? What about spiders?

Study Guide 3 1. Anamorphic – developed in some parainsects where abdominal segments are added during the molting process. 2. Ametabolous: an insect that undergoes slight or no metamorphosis 3. Hemimetabolous: an insect that undergoes incomplete metamorphosis 4. Holometabolous: an insect that undergoes incomplete metamorphosis 5. Apterygote: An insect that doesn’t have wings 6. Paleopterous: insects having wings, but wings cannot fold back over the insects abdomen 7. Pterygote: all winged insects 8. Neoptera: having wings, but the wings have a flexon or hinge that allows the wing to be folded back over the abdomen 9. Exopterygote: insects with wings that develop from structures called wing pads located on the outside of growing insects. 10. Endopterygote: insects with wings that develop from internal wing pads present in the larvae Insect Orders Note The column for Development refers to metamorphosis, i.e. whether or not the order is ametabolous, hemimetabolous or holometabolous. The column for Wing Type refers to whether or not the order is a) Apterygote, b) Paleopterous or b) Neoptera; and whether or not the order is: a) Endopterygote or b) Exopterygote.

Table 1 - Subphylum Hexapoda Parainsect Order (Entognatha)

Common Name

Development

Facts

Economic or Ecological Importance

Wing Type or Leg Adaptation

Protura Means first tail in english

Tail first

Hemimetabol ous. Goes from Nymphs to adults

Diplura

Two Tail

Collembola

Glue Wedge

Anamorphic continues to mold and add body segments Anamorphic development. Segmetns added during molting

Soft bodied and small. Ancient. 5 segment. Size of grain of sand. Small and eyeless. Over 700 species. Feed on vegetation Spring like tail. Eat fungi and decaying vegetation.

Ancient and feed on fungi and vegetable matter

No wings present

Decomposers and benifical to ecosystem

Spring forward using their tails. Spring called furcula- jumping organ.

CLASS INSECTA Archeognata

Ancient jaw. Ex. jumping bristletail.

Ametabolous (continue molding)

Primitive jaw arrangement

Scavengers/herbivor es: feed on algae vegetation.

wingless

Zygentoma/ Thysanura

Bristle tail. Ex. silverfish and firebrats

Ametabolous development

Compound eyes indirect fertilization

Invaders of homes.

Wingless, covered in silver scales

Ephemeroptera Most primitive wings without flexons

Short lived: Ex. Mayflies Ptera means wing Toothed ones. Ex. Damselflies and Dragonflies Folded wings Ex. Stoneflies

Mold into adult stage Ametabolous

Indicator of water quality. Vestigial mouthparts

herbivores

Triangular wings. Held over back.

Aquatic immature stages. Damselflies more delacit looking. Hemimetabol ous Aquatic in immature stages

Hinged jaw that can shoot forward.

Eat other arthropods. Wings not able to fold over its back. Adaptation include compound eyes.

Flat appreance filiform antennae

scavenegers

Odonata Equal up above

Plecoptera

Folded wing. Looks like single folded wing behind its back

Dermaptera

Skin Wing Ex. Earwig

Hemimetabol ous

Beaded antennae. Nocturnal.

scavengers

Two wings spread out. They have pincer like cerci.

Embioptera

Lively Wings Also knows as webspinners Pure without wings. Ex. Angel insects Straight Wings Ex. Grasshopper s, Crickets, Katydids. Walking Sticks Phasm or phantom

Hemimetabol ous

Webspinners are very small

Feed on grass bark and lichen

Not well understood

Some are wing

Found in wood or saw dust

Enlarged hind legs to move backwards in tunnels. Also one folded wing on back Some have wings

Zoraptera

Orthoptera

Phasmatodea

Grylloblattodea

Mantophasmato dea

Mantodea

Blattodea

Rockcrawle rs. Ex. Crickets and roaches Heel Walkers or Gladiators. Ex. Mantis hybrid Praying Mantids

Cockroache s and termites Blatta Greek for cockroach

Wings folded on top of eachother not straight back

hemimetabolo us

hemimetabolo us

Hemimetabol ous

Hemimetabol ous Only hemimetabolo us insect with social abilities.

Camouflage, chewing mouth parts. Longest insects Cold climate with slow development time Order only found in Africa. Thought to be extinct. Traingular head compound eyes Dorso ventrally flattened. Filiform antennae

Eats animals with chewing mouth parts.

Filiform antenae

Brachypterous wings. Reduced wings. Also secrete tear gas for predators. Secondary wingless.

wingless

Chewing parts, predaceous

wingless

Chewing mouthparts. Termites can tear into houses.

Some have wings ex Australian cockroach. Termites workers are wingless but reproductives have 4 wings

Psocodea

Lice. Wingless louse Ex. book louse

Thysanoptera

Thrips. Fringe wings Ex. Thrips Hemiptera True bugs Half wings Giant water bug Ex. stink bug or wheel bug Everything Everything above this is Below is Exopterygotes Endopteryg ote Neuroptera

Megaloptera

Raphidioptera

Lacewings, Antolions, mantisflies. Nerve wings Ex. doodlebug Dobsonflies Large wings. dobsonfly Snakeflies

Scanvenger. Parasitic lice are flat bodied. Chewin and sucking

Feed on starchy material even wallpaper. Parasitic lice are either chewing or sucking.

Book lice are wingless but bark lice are winged or wingless . parasitic lice do not have wings. Wings on inside Very small wing creatures

hemimetabolo us

Scutellum important for pinning this order.

Piercing sucking mouthparts. Used in food

Leathery forewings are halved. Also have defensive secrection.

Endopterygot e has a complete holometabolo us Holometabolo us

Wingless larvae stage that looks nothing like adult They are weak fliers

Beneficial predators. Lacewings are fierce predators. Farmers use them to kill plant eaters.

Have nerve wings. Possibly two or four

Hemimetabol ous Prehensial Grabbing Legs Hemimetabol ous. Cocoons up

Holometabolo us

Holometabolo us

Coleoptera

Beetles Sheath wings

holometabolo us

Strepsiptera

Twisted wing parasites

holometabolo us

Found in Europe, asia, and western us Make up 40% of all known animals on earth

predaceous

Chewing mouthparts as larvae and adults. People in different cultures eat beetles. Parasites of insects

Membranous hind wings fold underneath hard wings. Only have hind wings.

Diptera

True Flies Two wings

Holometabolo us

Mecoptera

Scorpionflie s and hangingflies . Fleas Wingless tubes

Holometabolo us

Siphonaptera

Holometabolo us.Larvae stage is white worm like.

Trichoptera

Caddisflies Hair wings.

holometabolo us

Lepidoptera

Butterflies and Moths Scale wings

holometabolo us

Hymenoptera

Bees, ants, and wasps. Membrane wing

Holometabolo us

Larvae are known as maggots then turn into flies

Can transmit disease. Laterally fattened secondarily wingless Filiform antennae. Second largest order. Second to beetles. Differences between moth and butterfly. Moth has antenna taper...