Exam 2013, Questions and Answers PDF

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Pages to review: - page 9 - M’Naughten Rule” - page 15 – Mesomorphs - page 23 - case of R. v. Mohan (1994) - The Reverse Rouge Task Page: 112 - page 118 - by Rosenham (1973) on the research involving the hospitalization of pseudopatients?

CHAPTER 1

An Introduction to Forensic Psychology

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is not a likely activity of a clinical forensic psychologist? a. studying the effects of stress on eyewitness recall b. evaluating the parents of a troubled teen for custody and access recommendations c. providing expert testimony d. assessing juvenile delinquents in detention centres for behavioural problems e. practising relaxation techniques with police officers on leave due to burnout Answer: a

Difficulty: easy

Page: 3-4

2. What is the main difference between clinical forensic psychologists and forensic psychiatrists? a. clinical forensic psychologists cannot provide expert testimony in court b. forensic psychiatrists cannot prescribe medication c. clinical forensic psychologists cannot prescribe medication d. forensic psychiatrists concentrate more on a medical model of mental illness e. both c and d Answer: e

Difficulty: moderate Page: 4

3. Which task is likely to be performed by an experimental forensic psychologist? a. examining the effects of judges’ instructions on jury verdicts b. providing expert testimony c. examining the effects of correctional programs on recidivism (i.e., reoffending) rates d. studying the effects of police stress on job satisfaction e. all of the above Answer: e

Difficulty: easy

Page: 5-6

4. According to Haney (1980), which of the following is not one of the ways psychology and the law interact? a. psychology of the law b. psychology with the law c. psychology and the law d. psychology in the law e. all of the above are ways in which psychology and the law interact Answer: b

Difficulty: easy

Page: 6

5. Which of the following is an example of “psychology in the law”? a. a psychologist providing expert testimony on the accuracy of eyewitness identification b. examining how we can improve the assessment of competency to stand trial c. validating a tool for predicting risk of violence d. a researcher examining the factors that affect use-of-force decision-making by police officers e. none of the above Answer: a

Difficulty: easy

Page: 6-7

6. Judges currently use findings from psychological research to decide whether a witness on the stand is lying or not. This is a good example of: a. psychology and the law b. psychology in the law c. informational influence d. normalization e. psychology of the law Answer: b

Difficulty: easy

Page: 7

7. The “M’Naughten Rule” is most closely related to: a. inmate psychopathy b. child witnesses c. eyewitness lineups d. expert testimony e. insanity defence Answer: e

Difficulty: easy

Page: 9

8. Place the following events in chronological order: 1-Cattell conducts the first experiment in North America on the psychology of testimony 2-APA recognizes forensic psychology as a speciality discipline 3-Daniel M’Naughten is found not guilty by reason of insanity 4-Canadian Robert Hare begins studying psychopathy a. 4, 2, 3, 1

b. c. d. e.

3, 4, 2, 1 4, 3, 2, 1 1, 2, 3, 4 3, 1, 4, 2

Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Page: 9 9. The following psychologist was the first to propose a testable theory of criminal behaviour: a. Bandura b. Freud c. Munsterberg d. Eysenck e. Marston Answer: d

Difficulty: easy

Page: 9, 16

10. A researcher arranges for a confederate to enter his classroom, steal his wallet, and run out. The researcher then asks the students to provide a description of the “offender” in an effort to study eyewitness recall. This is an example of: a. a verifiable experiment b. a virtual experiment c. a reality experiment d. a misinformation test e. a subjective recall test Answer: c

Difficulty: easy

Page: 9

11. Stern’s 1901 “reality experiment” involved a bogus quarrel between two students in which a gun was involved. Stern concluded that: a. racial discrimination is common b. pretrial media has a strong influence c. retroactive memory-falsification tends to occur d. emotional arousal influences accuracy of recall e. none of the above Answer: d

Difficulty: easy

Page: 9

12. Which of the following psychologists would be most interested in the expert testimony provided by Von Schrenck-Notzing in 1896? a. a psychologist interested in the diagnosis of juvenile delinquents b. a psychologist interested in the effect of pretrial press coverage c. a psychologist interested in the problems with hypnotic interviewing d. a psychologist interested in the accuracy of child eyewitnesses e. a psychologist interested in lie detection Answer: b

Difficulty: easy

Page: 10

13. Which of the following psychologists would be most interested in a murder trial in which the prosecutor wanted to submit evidence from two children who had supposedly witnessed the defendant committing the crime? a. Varendonck b. Bandura c. Marston d. Von Schrenck-Notzing e. none of the above Answer: a

Difficulty: easy

Page: 10

14. Which of the following psychologists would be most interested in the expert testimony provided by Varendonck in 1911? a. a psychologist interested in the diagnosis of juvenile delinquents b. a psychologist interested in the effect of pretrial press coverage c. a psychologist interested in the problems with hypnotic interviewing d. a psychologist interested in the accuracy of child eyewitnesses e. a psychologist interested in factors that influence jury decision-making Answer: d

Difficulty: easy

Page: 10

15. Who is considered the father of forensic psychology? a. John Henry Wigmore b. Wilhelm Wundt c. James Ogloff d. James Cattell e. Hugo Munsterberg Answer: e

Difficulty: easy

Page: 10-11

16. The case of Brown v. Board of Education (1954) has been cited as a significant case in the development of psychology and the law. On what issue in this case did psychologists submit a brief to the Supreme Court? a. prejudice and discrimination b. intelligence c. aggression d. inclusion of mitigating factors in capital hearing decisions e. gender differences and preferential treatment Answer: a Difficulty: easy Page: 12 17. What was the main issue in the case of Jenkins v. United States (1962)? a. the right to plead not guilty by reason of insanity b. the duty to inform a third party c. the duty to report suspected child abuse d. the allowance of expert testimony from psychologists e. the use of psychology in civil trials

Answer: d

Difficulty: easy

Page: 12-13

18. Which of the following theories of crime emphasizes the role of dynamic internal forces? a. learning theories of crime b. personality theories of crime c. psychoanalytic theories of crime d. biological theories of crime e. sociological theories of crime Answer: c

Difficulty: easy

Page: 14

19. John Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation is an example of: a. a learning theory of crime b. a strain theory of crime c. a sociological theory of crime d. a psychoanalytic theory of crime e. none of the above Answer: d

Difficulty: easy

Page: 14

20. According to Sheldon’s (1949) Constitutional Theory, which of the following are most likely to become involved with crime? a. ectomorphs b. mesomorphs c. those with lesions in the temporal lobe d. those having suffered from maternal deprivation e. men with two Y-chromosomes Answer: b

Difficulty: easy

Page: 15

21. Which of the following is not a sociological theory of crime? a. differential association theory b. social control theory c. dyscontrol theory d. strain theory e. all of the above are sociological theories of crime Answer: c

Difficulty: easy

Page: 15

22. Which of the following theorists is most closely associated with learning theories of crime? a. Merton b. Becker c. Sutherland d. Bowlby e. Bandura

Answer: e

Difficulty: easy

Page: 16

23. According to Eysenck, which of the following would be at risk for criminal behaviour? a. someone who is cortically underaroused b. someone with poor conditionability c. someone with high levels of extraversion and neuroticism d. someone who is difficult to socialize e. all of the above Answer: e

Difficulty: moderate

Page: 17-18

24. Which of the following has occurred that indicates that forensic psychology has established itself as a field? a. the development of professional associations that represent the interests of forensic psychologists b. a consensus on the definition of forensic psychology c. the fact that forensic psychologists now regularly take on the role of legal scholar d. the criteria for admitting the expert testimony of forensic psychologists have become more lenient e. all of the above Answer: a

Difficulty: easy Page: 18

25. What is the main difference between an expert witness and other witnesses in court? a. expert witnesses are not cross-examined b. expert witnesses can only testify about what they directly observed c. expert witnesses are able to offer their opinion to the court d. expert witnesses are only available for the prosecution e. both a and c Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Page: 20 26. Hess (1987, 1999) describes seven dimensions along which law and psychology differ. Which of the following statements is false? a. psychology is nomothetic and law is idiographic b. psychology is prescriptive and law is descriptive c. psychological knowledge is gained through research and legal knowledge is gained through precedent d. a psychologist’s behaviour is severely limited within the court while the behaviour of a lawyer is less restricted e. psychology believes in the quest for objective truths whereas the law defines truth subjectively Answer: b

Difficulty: moderate

Page: 21

27. According to Hess (1987, 1999), which of the following accurately represents a dimension along which law and psychology can be contrasted? a. law is idiographic while psychology is nomothetic b. law is descriptive while psychology is prescriptive c. law is proactive while psychology is reactive d. law is academic while psychology is operational e. law defined truth objectively while psychology defines truth subjectively Answer: a

Difficulty: moderate

Page: 21

28. Which of the following was not identified by Hess (1987, 1999) as a dimension along which law and psychology differ? a. latitude b. principles c. criteria d. purpose e. epistemology Answer: d

Difficulty: moderate Page: 21

29. The “general acceptance test” relates to: a. eyewitness recall b. child witnesses c. aggression and segregation in schools d. suggestive questioning techniques e. admissibility of expert testimony Answer: e Difficulty: easy Page: 22 30. What would be considered the most ethical behaviour for a psychologist hired as an expert witness? a. provide testimony consistent with the party that hired you b. ensure the other party also has an expert witness c. provide testimony relevant to the case as you understand it d. discuss your testimony with both the defence and the prosecution team e. provide a written report rather than testify in person Answer: c

Difficulty: easy

Page: 20, 22-23

31. Which of the following is not specified by the Daubert criteria on the issue of determining the validity of scientific evidence? a. the research adheres to professional standards b. the research is non-falsifiable c. the research has been peer reviewed d. the research has a recognized rate of error e. all of the above are specified by the Daubert criteria

Answer: b

Difficulty: moderate

Page: 23

32. Why is the case of R. v. Mohan (1994) so important to forensic psychologists? a. it stressed the duty to protect a third party b. it dealt with the admissibility of expert evidence c. it established guidelines for reporting child abuse d. it highlighted the importance of client confidentiality e. it dealt with the issue of racial segregation Answer: b

Difficulty: easy

Page: 23

33. According to R. v. Mohan (1994), which is not a consideration when determining the admissibility of expert testimony? a. the expert must be qualified b. the testimony must provide information that goes beyond the jurors’ common understanding c. the evidence provided must be necessary for assisting the trier of fact d. the testimony must have been allowed into evidence by a higher court e. the evidence must not violate any rules of exclusion Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Page: 23 34. What is the significance of the case of R. v. McIntosh and McCarthy (1997)? a. it dealt with racial segregation b. it dealt with problems associated with the Mohan criteria c. it dealt with issues associated with the insanity defence d. it highlighted the importance of voluntary confessions e. it established guidelines for cross-examination Answer: b

Difficulty: easy

Page: 24

CHAPTER 2 Police Psychology

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Louis Terman’s attempt to assist with police selection in the early 1900s involved the assessment of: a. intelligence b. physical ability c. personality traits d. criminal background e. authoritarianism

Answer: a

a. b. c. d. e.

Difficulty: easy

Page: 28

2. Out of the following options, which is the least common police selection procedure used in the U.S.? medical exams polygraph tests physical ability tests background checks personality tests Answer: b

Difficulty: moderate

Page: 29

3. According to Cochrane, Tett, and Vandecreek (2003), which of the following police selection procedures is the most common? a. physical agility tests b. drug testing c. selection interview d. background checks e. polygraph tests Answer: d

Difficulty: moderate

Page: 29

4. In the context of police selection, what is meant by KSA? KSA is a physical agility test taken by all potential officers KSA refers to sets of characteristics that are considered to make up a “good” police officer c. KSA is a police selection agency d. KSA refers to the characteristics that are undesirable in a potential police officer e. none of the above a. b.

Answer: b

Difficulty: easy

Page: 30

5. In the context of police selection, the term validation refers to: a. the development of a police selection instrument to measure the abilities of potential officers b. the need to ensure certified individuals are administering the selection tests to applicants c. the need to ensure that the selection instrument chosen is associated with performance measures d. both a and c e. none of the above Answer: c

a.

Difficulty: challenging

Page: 31

6. Which psychometric property are we most concerned with in police selection? concurrent validity

b. c. d. e.

divergent validity predictive validity intrinsic reliability long-term reliability Answer: c

Difficulty: easy

Page: 31-32

7. If a selection instrument has a validity coefficient of 0.90, it can be said that: a. as performance on the selection instrument increases, so do ratings on job performance b. as performance on the selection instrument increases, ratings on job performance decrease c. the coefficient is negative, so there is no relationship between the selection instrument and job performance ratings d. there is a strong relationship between the selection instrument and ratings on job performance e. both a and d Answer: e

a. b. c. d. e.

Page: 31-32

8. Which of the following has been identified as a key problem with the police selection interview? the interview lacks structure the interview is too lengthy so it is not used by many police agencies interviewers often disagree on the ratings that should be assigned to various attributes the interview has very high predictive validity all of the above Answer: c 9.

a. b. c. d. e.

10.

Difficulty: moderate

Page: 33-34

Which of the following is not considered a problem with validation research in the area of police selection? disagreement on how to measure the performance of potential police officers the lack of potential selection instruments and performance measures the lack of correspondence between training performance and on-the-job performance the disagreement on a common definition of “good performance” all of the above are problems with validation research in police selection

Answer: b

a. b. c. d.

Difficulty: challenging

Difficulty: challenging

Page: 30-36

You are applying to be a police officer with the RCMP. Which of the following tests would you expect to be administered in order to measure your cognitive abilities? IPI the situational test RPAT KSA

e.

all of the above Answer: c

Difficulty: moderate

Page: 34

11. A common personality test used in police selection is the MMPI. What does MMPI stand for? a. Merton’s Method for Personality Inventories b. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory c. Mass Multiphasic Personality Index d. Milton’s Method for Psychopathy Identification e. none of the above Answer: b

a. b. c. d. e.

Difficulty: easy

Page: 35

12. As a recruitment officer, which measure(s) would you be most confident in administering to an applicant that would best predict future job performance? IPI SILS MMPI MMPI-2 the combined results of the MMPI-2 and the SILS Answer: a Difficulty: challenging Page: 35-36 13. Which is the most common police selection instrument used in assessment centres? a. personality tests b. cognitive ability tests c. situational tests d. both a and b e. none of the above Answer: c

a. b. c. d. e.

Difficulty: easy

Page: 36-37

14. An RCMP applicant is given a certain period of time to interview witnesses in a mock domestic disturbance case and complete an incident report. This scenario is most likely a component of a(n): IPI situational test SILS RPAT none of the above Answer: b

Difficulty: moderate Page: 36-37

15. As a police selection procedure, research suggests that situational tests have: a. low predictive validity b. high predictive validity c. moderate predictive validity d. no research has been conducted on the predictive validity of situational tests e. results of studies that have been conducted are inconclusive

Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Page: 36-37

a. b. c. d. e.

16. According to Sheehan and Cordner (1989), which of the following are arguments for the use of police discretion? a scarcity of law enforcement resources most law violations are minor most laws are vague and ill-defined a desire to avoid public/community alienation all of the above Answer: e

a. b. c. d. e.

Page: 39

Difficulty: moderate

Page: 39

19. Teplin (1986) reported that in an encounter with a mentally ill offender who is causing a disturbance, a police officer is most likely to: arrest the individual admit the individual for emergency hospital...