Exam 2015, questions and answers PDF

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1) The table below contains descriptions of components / cells found within the blood. Identify each component / cells and record your answers in the spaces provided.

A type of white blood cell that presents with a nucleus containing 3 to 5 lobes. As the cells age the number of lobes increases.

Small cell fragments which aid in the clotting process, produced from Megakayoblasts.

A type of white blood cell that contains round granules of variable size and a bilobed nucleus. Often the granules will cover or obscure the nucleus.

Fluid component of blood, containing soluble proteins and substances.

A type of white blood cell that usually presents with a kidney shaped nucleus and lysosomes within the cytoplasm

Neutrophil

Platelets (aka thrombocytes)

Basophil

Plasma

Monocyte

Biconcave disk shaped cells, lacking a nucleus, which carries oxygen and other gasses

RBCs (aka erythrocytes)

A type of white blood cell that contains large unifored sized granules and a nucleus with two or three lobes. The lobes of the nucleus are often connected by a strand of nuclear material.

Eosinophil

Specialised lymphocytes which produce antibodies.

B cells (aka B lymphocytes)

Lymphocytes that are utilized to kill viral infected host cells.

T cells (aka T lymphocytes)

Protein within red blood cells that contains iron and binds gases for transport.

Hemoglobin

. 2) The following diagrams are of the heart and an ECG trace. Identify the key structures / features on the heart and ECG trace and record your answers in the table below.

A Sinoatrial node B Right and left bundle branches C Bicuspid valve D Superior vena cava E Chordae tendinae

F Purkinje fibres G Atrioventricular node H QRS complex – onset of ventricular depolarisation I P wave – atrial depolarisation J T wave – ventricular repolarisation

3) The following paragraph relates to the vascular system. Identify the missing words/ phrases / numbers and record your answers in the table below. With each beat, the heart pumps blood through the vessels into two closed circuits – the __(A)__, which carries blood to the air sacs of the lungs, and the __(B)__, which carries blood to the rest of the body. As the blood flows through these circuits, it passes through arteries, veins and __(C)__. One of the most obvious differences between arteries and veins is the presence of __(D)__, which prevent backflow within the veins. Generally speaking, most blood vessels contain three layers. The outer most layer of blood vessels is called the __(E)__ and it is composed of elastic and collagen fibers, whilst the middle layer is known as the __(F)__, and it contains smooth muscle fibers. As the circulating blood flows through the blood vessels it exerts pressure on the vessel walls, this pressure is known as blood pressure. Blood pressure is highest in the aorta and large systemic arteries, where in a resting young adult it rises to about __(G)__ mmHg during systole and drops to about __(H)__ mmHg during diastole.

As blood is flowing through the blood vessels friction can occur, this opposing force is known as __(I)__, and is dependent on three factors. These factors are the size of the blood vessel lumen, __(J)__ and the total blood vessel length.

A B C D E

Pulmonary Systemic Capillaries Venous valves Tunica externa

F G H I J

Tunica Media 120mmHg 80mmHg Vascular resistance Blood viscosity

4) The following paragraph discusses the lymphatic and immune systems. Identify the missing words / phrases and record your answers in the table below. In relation to the immune system, it can be divided into two arms, the innate and adaptive immune systems. Innate immunity elicits non-specific responses by mediating inflammation, phagocytosis and the __(A)__ system. Inflammation is characterized by redness, pain, __(B)__, localized swelling and loss of function, whilst phagocytosis is the ingestion of microbes or other particles and it can be broken down into five steps: chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, __(C)__ and killing. Unlike innate immunity, the adaptive immune system is able to recognize pathogens based on their antigens and mount a specific response. An example of a specific immune response is the production of antibodies. Notably there are five classes of antibody molecules IgM, IgD, IgA, IgE and __(D)__. Of these five classes, __(E)__ is the first to be secreted by plasma cells after initial exposure to an antigen and __(F)__ can be transferred from mother to child in breast milk. Importantly the innate immune system is comprised of two main cell populations, T cells and B cells, that when activated will differentiate into __(G)__ and memory cells. Another important component of the immune system is the lymphatic system. The organs and tissues of the lymphatic system are widely distributed around the body and can be classified as being either a primary or secondary lymphatic organs and tissues. The primary lymphatic organs are the __(H)__ and red bone marrow, and they are the sites were stem cells divide and develop. The secondary lymphatic organs / tissues include lymph nodes, the __(I)__ and lymphatic follicles, and they are the sites where most __(J)__ occur.

A B C D E

Complement Localised heat Digestion IgG IgM

F G H I J

IgA Plasma Thymus Spleen Immune Responses

5) The following diagrams are of the lungs and of a spirogram of lung volumes and capacities. Identify the key structures / features on the lungs and the spirogram and record your answers in the table below.

6) The following table provides details on the function of specific hormones. Please identify the hormone associated with each function. FUNCTION

HORMONE

Secreted by alpha islet cells in the pancreas and acts on liver cells to release glucose into the blood.

Glucagon

Produced by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for stimulating the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress.

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the thyroid follicles to secrete triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland and within males it stimulates the production of sperm within the testes

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

It is the major mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex and regulates the homeostasis of sodium and potassium ions. It also helps to adjust blood pressure and volume.

Aldosterone

Produced by beta-islet cells in the pancreas and binds with its receptors to facilitate the entry of glucose into cells.

Insulin

Produced by the pineal gland this hormone contributes to setting the body’s biological clock by promoting sleepiness.

Melatonin

Produced by the hypothalamus and decreases urine production by causing the kidneys to return more water to the blood.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Produced by the thyroid gland and serves to lower blood levels of calcium and phosphates by inhibiting the action of osteoclasts.

Calcitonin

It is the most abundant glucocorticoid which is produced by the adrenal cortex and serves to increase protein breakdown, enhance glucose formation, inhibit inflammation and immunological responses.

Cortisol

7) The following sentences relate to the digestive system. Identify the missing words / phrases and record your answers in the table below. The digestive system serves six functions, ingestion, secretion, mixing / propulsion, digestion, absorption and __(A)__ and can be divided into two groups of organs, the gastrointestinal tract and the accessory digestive organs. The gastrointestinal tract is a continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus and its organs include the mouth, most of the pharynx, stomach __(B)__, large intestine and small intestine. The accessory digestive organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, __(C)__ and pancreas. When food is being consumed it undergoes mastication in the mouth before it is moved into the stomach by the act of swallowing or __(D)__. The stomach has four main regions known as the cardia, __(E)__, the body and pyloric part. When food arrives at the stomach it is mixed with gastric secretions to produce a liquid called __(F)__ and is passed into the __(G)__, which is responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients. To assist with the emulsification and absorption of dietary fats, the liver produces __(H)__. In addition to this, the liver also assists with the carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, processing of drugs and hormones, excretion of __(I)__, storage of vitamins and minerals, phagocytosis and activation of vitamin D. Overall digestive activities occur in three overlapping phases, the cephalic phase, the __(J)__ phase and the intestinal phase.

A B C D E

Defecation Oesophagus Gallbladder Deglutition Fundus

F G H I J

Chyme Small intestine Bile Bilirubin Gastric

8) The following diagrams are of the kidney and nephron. Identify the key structures / features on the kidney and nephron and record your answers in the table below.

A B C D

Renal medulla Renal lobe Renal pelvis Ureter

E Renal cortex

F Distal convoluted tubule G Proximal convoluted tubule H Glomerulus I Ascending loop of Henle aka ascending limb of nephron loop J Descending loop of Henle aka descending limb of nephron loop

9) The following diagram is of the male reproductive system. Identify the key anatomical features labelled in this diagram, making sure to write your answers in the table p

A B C D E

Prostate Ejaculatory Duct Scrotum Epididymis Body of penis

F G H I J

Ductus Deferens Testis Corona Glans penis Corpus carvenosum penis

10) Each of the following sentences sequentially identifies key events that occur within the female reproductive system during pregnancy. Provide the most appropriate term / phrase / number for each of the missing spaces in the table below. The gestation period is the time of development from fertilization to birth and can be divided into three __(A)__. Beginning with fertilization, this stage is when one sperm cell penetrates a secondary occyte enabling the formation of a single diploid nucleus that contains a total of __(B)__ chromosomes. This process normally occurs within the __(C)__ 12 to 24 hours after ovulation. Then from fertilization until the eighth week of development the developing human is called an __(D)__. During the first few days of this eight week period blastocyst formation occurs followed by __(E)__. Following on from this the embryonic disc, amnion and yolk sac, maternal sinusoids and the __(F)__ are developed. One of the major events that occur three weeks after fertilization is the development of the __(G)__, which serves as the site of nutrient and waste exchange between the mother and developing fetus. The fourth to eighth week of development are very significant in embryonic development as __(H)__ appear, however it isn’t until the ninth week that they begin to differentiate. Following a 38 to 40 week gestation period, the fetus is expelled from the uterus through the vagina in a process known as parturition, labor or giving birth. True labor can be divided into three stages, the first of which is characterized by regular contractions of the __(I)__, rupturing of the amniotic sac and complete dilation of the __(J)__.

A B C D E

Trimesters 46 Uterine tube Embryo Implantation

F G H I J

Chorion Placenta Major organs Uterus Cervix...