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IMAGE PRODUCTION AND EVALUATION EXAM...

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Cluster 2: Image Production and Evaluation NAME: DATE: INSTRUCTIONS: 1. This TEST contains 100 questions of MULTIPLE CHOICE. 2. Read the questions carefully. 3. Choose the BEST answer by shading the LETTER of your choice in the answer sheet provided. 4. Write letter E if the answer is not found among the choices. 5. NO ERASURE and ALTERATIONS.

1.

2.

Which of the following terms refers to light reflecting from one intensifying screen through the film to the opposite emulsion and screen? A. Reflectance B. Cross over C. Scatter D. Filtration It is used to measure optical density. A. Sensitometer B. Densitometer C. Step wedge D. Spinning top

3.

What is the other term for step wedge? A. Densitometer B. Sensitometer C. Ammeter D. Penetrometer

4.

Underexposure of a radiograph can be used by all of the following except: A. Insufficient mA B. Insufficient exposure time C. Insufficient kVp D. Insufficient FFD

5.

The reduction of energy of the x-ray photon as it passes through material is termed as: A. Absorption B. Scattering C. Attenuation D. Divergence

6.

Which of the following serves to remove scatter radiation from the remnant beam before it reaches the x-ray film? A. Compensating filter B. Grid C. Collimator D. Intensifying screen

7.

The cassette front may be made of which of the following materials? 1. Bakelite 2. Magnesium 3. Lead

A. B. C. D.

SCORE:

1 only 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 1,2 and 3

8.

The image present on the film emulsion after exposure and before processing is called: A. Manifest image B. Latent image C. Visible image D. Laser image

9.

Misalignment of the tube-part film relationship results in: A. Shape distortion B. Size distortion C. Magnification D. Penumbra

10. What developing agent controls the shoulder of the characteristic curve? A. Hydroquinone B. Metol C. Phenidone D. Glutaraldehyde 11. Doubling mA factor will result to: A. Doubling the contrast B. Reduce density into half C. Reduce contrast into half D. Doubling the density 12. Unexposed and processed film will have a density of about A. Zero B. 0.1 C. 1.0 D. 2.5 13. Which of the following materials can be used as interspace material? 1. Lead 2. Plastic 3. Aluminum A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 only D. 1,2 and 3

14. X-ray film emulsion is more sensitive under which of the following conditions? A. Before exposure B. After exposure C. At low temperatures D. At low humidity 15. Shape distortion is influenced by the relationship between the 1. X-ray tube and part to be imaged 2. Part to be imaged and the film 3. Film and the x-ray tube A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1,2 and 3 16. Which of the following is most likely to produce a radiograph with a long scale of contrast? A. Increased photon energy B. Increased screen speed C. Increased mAs D. Increased FFD 17. A grid should be usually employed in which of the following circumstances? 1. When radiographing a large or dense body part 2. When using high kiovoltage 3. When less patient dose is required A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 only C. 2 only D. 1,2 and 3 only 18. It states that increasing the distance of the source of x-ray from the image receptor will cause a decrease in the intensity of the x-ray beam. A. Line focus principle B. Anode heel affect C. Inverse square law D. Bohr’s theory 19. X-ray film is packaged in a foil bag to protect it from: A. Excessive heat B. Excessive humidity C. Radiation fog D. Dust 20. With a given exposure, as intensifying screen speed increases, how is radiographic density affected? A. Density decreases B. Density increases C. Density is unchanged D. Density is variable 21. A lateral radiograph of the cervical spine was made at 40 inches using 3 mAs. If it desired to increase the

distance to 72 inches, what should be the new mAs when all other factors will remain unchanged? A. 1 mAs B. 1.6 mAs C. 5 mAs D. 10 mAs 22. Which of the following tests is performed to evaluate screen film contact? A. Spinning top test B. Wire mesh test C. Penetrometer test D. Star pattern test 23. The relationship between the height of a grid’s lead strips to the distance between them is termed as grid: A. Ratio B. Radius C. Frequency D. Focusing distance 24. The emulsion consists of approximately how many percent of silver chloride or silver iodide? A. 95% B. 5% C. 20% D. 60% 25. It is the image on the film after exposure and processing is called: A. Manifest image B. Latent image C. Developed image D. Laser image 26. An increase in kVp will have which of the following effects? 1. More scatter radiation is produced 2. The exposure rate will increase 3. Radiographic contrast will increase A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1,2 and 3

27. Which of the following pathological condition would require a decrease in exposure factor? A. Heart failure B. Emphysema C. Pneumonia D. Pleural effusion 28. Film base is made of which of the following materials?

A. B. C. D.

Cellulose nitrate Cellulose acetate Polyester Glass

29. It is the term used to describe un-sharp edges of tiny radiographic details. A. Diffusion B. Mottle C. Penumbra D. Umbra 30. All of the following are related to recorded detail except: A. Motion B. Screen speed C. Object film distance D. Grid ratio 31. What is the major use of filtration? A. Reduce image noise B. Reduce scatter radiation C. Reduce operator’s dose D. Reduce patient dose 32. Materials that emit light when being stimulated by xray photons are: A. Ions B. Electrodes C. Phosphors D. Crystals 33. What artifacts are caused by the dirt on rollers sensitizing films as it passes by: A. Guide shoe scratches B. Tree like branching C. Pi lines D. Film fog 34. The active layer of the film refers to: A. Protective coating B. Polyester C. Gelatin D. Emulsion

35. The primary source of scatter radiation is, A. Patient B. Tabletop C. X-ray tube D. Grid 36. The conversion of the invisible latent image into a visible image occurs in the: A. Developer

B. Fixer C. Stop bath D. Dryer 37. The following are the methods of limiting the production of scattered radiation except: 1. Using moderate- ratio grids 2. Limiting the field size to the smallest practical size 3. Using prone position in abdominal exams A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. None of the above 38. Unopened boxes of radiographic film should be stored away from radiation and A. Stacked with the oldest on top B. Stacked with the newest on top C. In the horizontal position D. In the vertical position 39. The function of developing solution is to: A. Reduce the manifest image to latent image B. Increase production of silver halide crystals C. Reduce the latent image to manifest image D. Remove unexposed crystals from the film 40. High kVp exposure factors are usually required for radiographic examinations using: 1. Water soluble, iodinated media 2. Air 3. Barium sulfate A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 1 and 3 only 41. Exposed halide crystals are changed to black metallic silver by the: A. Preservative B. Reducers C. Activators D. Hardeners

42. The function(s) of the fixer in the film processing is (are) to 1. Remove the unexposed silver bromide crystals 2. Change the unexposed silver bromide crystals to black metallic silver 3. Harden the emulsion A. 1 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3 43. The following are types of moving grid mechanisms except: 1. Oscillating 2. Reciprocating 3. Synchronous A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 1 and 2 only

49. Which of the following groups of exposure will give the greatest radiographic density? A. 100 mA, 0.30 sec B. 200 mA, 0.10 sec C. 400 mA, 0.03 sec D. 600 mA, 0.03 sec

44. Boxes of film stored in too warm area may be subjected to have A. Static marks B. Film fog C. High contrast D. Loss of density

50. Glutaraldehyde is added to developer solution of automatic processors in order to: 1. Keep emulsion swelling to a minimum 2. Decrease the possibility of a processor jam-up 3. Remove unexposed silver halide crystals A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1,2 and 3

45. Which of the following can result from improper film storage or darkroom conditions? 1. Safelight fog 2. Background radiation fog 3. Screen lag A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3

51. Which of the following has (have) an effect on the recorded detail: 1. Focal spot size 2. Type of rectification 3. Focal Film Distance A. 1 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 1 and 2 only D. 1,2 and 3

46. What is the purpose of the thin layer of lead that is often located at the backside of the cassette? A. To prevent crossover B. To increase screen speed C. To diffuse light photons D. To prevent scattered radiation fog

52. Exposure factors of 90 kVp and 8 mAs are used for a particular non-grid exposure. What should be the new mAs if a 6:1 grid is added? A. 16 mAs B. 40 mAs C. 32 mAs D. 24 mAs

47. Which of the following is (are) classified as rare earth phosphors? 1. Lanthanum oxybromide 2. Gadolinium oxysulfide 3. Cesium iodide A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. All of the above

48. The darkroom should be constructed and equipped to avoid 1. External light leaks 2. Film bin light leaks 3. Safelight fog A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1,2 and 3

53. If a particular grid has lead strips 0.40 mm thick, 5.0 mm high, and 0.31 mm apart, what is its grid ratio: A. 8:1 B. 10:1 C. 12:1 D. 16:1

54. When a radiographer wish to repeat a particular radiograph and decrease the optical density just slightly, he (she) should decrease the: A. kVp by 15% B. mAs by 30% C. mAs by 15% D. kVp by 30% 55. An exposure is made with a high frequency unit using 300 mA, and 0.05 seconds, 75 kVp. How many heat units are produced from this exposure?

A. B. C. D.

1655.25 HU 1789.65 HU 1631.25 HU 1731.25 HU

56. Grid ratio is the relationship between the height of the lead strips and the: A. Number of lead strips per inch B. Width of lead strips C. Distance between the lead strips D. Angle of lead strips 57. The following are the conditions contributing to poor radiographic archival quality except: 1. Poor storage conditions 2. Fixer retention 3. Insufficient developer replenishment A. 2 only B. 1 only C. All of the above D. None of the above 58. It refers to the filtration provided by the x-ray tube structure, housing and collimator (if attached): A. Added filtration B. Inherent filtration C. Total filtration D. None of the above 59. The quantity of x-ray photons delivered to the patient in a given exposure is primarily regulated by: A. mAs B. kVp C. Focal Film Distance (FFD) D. Focal spot size 60. A radiograph that exhibits many shades of gray from white to black may be described as having: A. Long-scale contrast B. Increased density C. Short-scale contrast D. Good recorded detail

61. The device used to give a predetermined exposure to a film in order to test its response to processing s called the: A. Sensitometer B. Densitometer C. Step wedge D. Spinning top 62. Penumbra, or edge gradient is greatest: A. Directly along the course of the central ray B. Toward the cathode end of the x-ray beam C. Towards the anode end of the x-ray beam D. As the FFD is increased

63. What combination of exposure factors and image receptor speed will result to decrease quantum mottle? A. Decreased mAs, decreased kVp, fast speed screens B. Increased mAs, decreased kVp, slow speed screens C. Decreased mAs, decreased kVp, fast speed screens D. Increased mAs, increased kVp, fast speed screens 64. Tree like, branching black marks on radiograph are usually due to: A. Bending the film acutely B. Improper development C. Improper film storage D. Static electricity 65. Which of the following refers to the regular program of evaluation which ensures the proper functioning of x-ray equipment, by this means it ensures radiographic reproducibility and protecting both radiation workers and patients? A. Sensitometry B. Densitometry C. Quality assurance D. Modulation transfer function 66. Quantum mottle is most obvious when using: A. Slow speed screens B. Rare earth screens C. Fine grain film D. Minimal filtration 67. An exposure was made using 14 mAs and 82 kVp. If the kVp was changed to 70 in order to obtain higher contrast, what should be the new mAs? A. 29 mAs B. 30 mAs C. 7 mAs D. 28 mAs 68. What determines the amount of fluorescent light emitted from a fluorescent screen? 1. Thickness of the active layer 2. Type of phosphor used 3. kV range used for exposure A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1,2 and 3 only 69. Which of the following is NOT related to radiographic contrast? A. Photon energy B. Grid ratio

C. Object film distance D. Focal spot size 70. It refers to the characteristic of an intensifying screen to continue glow after the x-ray exposure has ended. A. Lag B. Luminescence C. Fluorescence D. Incandescence 71. Which radiographic accessory allows radiographs to have a uniform density? A. Grid B. Intensifying screens C. Compensating filters D. Penetrometer 72. What device is used to check exposure timers? A. Sensitometer B. Densitometer C. Step wedge D. Spinning top 73. Exposure-type artifacts include: 1. Motion 2. Tree like branching 3. Double exposure A. 1 only B. 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 2 and 3 only 74. The developer temperature in a 90-s automatic processor is usually about A. 75 to 80°F B. 80 to 85°F C. 85 to 90°F D. 90 to 95°F

75. The microswitch for controlling the amount of replenishment used in an automatic processor is located at the A. Receiving bin B. Crossover roller C. Entrance roller D. Replenishment pump 76. Which of the following chemicals is used in the production of radiographic film emulsion? A. Sodium sulfite B. Potassium bromide C. Silver halide D. Chrome alum

77. Which of the following are methods used for silver reclamation? 1. Photoelectric method 2. Metallic replacement method 3. Electrolytic method A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. All of the above 78. The following are parts of the film except: 1. Supercoat 2. Adhesive layer 3. Reflective layer A. 3 only B. 2 only C. 1 only D. All of the above 79. This roller is also called the master roller. A. Turnaround roller B. Crossover roller C. Transport roller D. Squeegee roller 80. It permits the film to enter the processor. A. Entrance roller B. Feed tray C. Transport roller D. Crossover roller 81. It is produced when too much developer is in the fixer. A. Sodium sulfite B. Potassium aluminum C. Aluminum chloride D. Aluminum hydroxide

82. The following is(are) tanning agent(s) of fixing solution: 1. Aluminum chloride 2. Potassium aluminum 3. Chrome alum A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. All of the above 83. What is the principal purpose of washing process? A. Stoppage of fixation B. Removal of fixer solution C. Stoppage of the development process D. Maintenance of the solution activity

84. It allows cassettes to be passed to the darkroom personnel without opening doors. A. Passbox B. Maze C. Feed tray D. Safe door 85. It is responsible for the very blackest shades. A. Phenidone B. Hydroquinone C. Metol D. Ammonium thiosulfate 86. It is term used to describe the undesirable retention of the fixer in the emulsion. A. Hypo retention B. Milky appearance C. Streaks D. Water spots 87. What is the height of the safelight from the table? A. 4-5 ft B. 3-4 ft C. 5-6 ft D. 2-3 ft 88. This is the filter used for blue-sensitive film A. GBX 2 filter B. GBX 3 filter C. Wratten 6B filter D. Wratten 5B filter 89. A blue-sensitive film emulsion is A. Panchromatic B. Monochromatic C. Orthochromatic D. Polychromatic

A. B. C. D.

1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 3 only None of the above

93. It is a test used to check the screen-film contact. A. Wire mesh test B. Spinning top test C. Sensitometer D. Densitometer 94. What is the quality factor of a radiograph that is being controlled by mAs? A. Contrast B. Density C. Definition D. All of the above 95. The following are examples of handling artifacts except: 1. Static electricity discharge 2. Crinkle marks 3. Pi lines A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. None of the above 96. The activator used in the developer is: A. Sodium carbonate B. Potassium bromide C. Glutaraldehyde D. Sodium sulfite 97. The difference in radiographic density on a processed image is: A. Radiographic density B. Radiographic contrast C. Processing chemicals D. Photographic density

90. Which causes a brownish stain on the film due to inadequate washing? A. Thiosulfate B. Potassium C. Ammonium D. Carbon

98. This is the undesired change in the size/ shape of the anatomic part. A. Definition B. Distortion C. Contrast D. Density

91. These are the unwanted images on radiographs. A. Fog B. Cut-off C. Artifacts D. None of the above

99. It is used in viewing the radiograph and has transparent cover that causes the light to be diffused evenly across the viewing surface. A. Negatoscope B. Telescope C. Microscope D. None of the above

92. Following are light tight entrance except: 1. Labyrinth 2. Interlocking 3. Pass box

100. Processing- type artifacts include: 1. Pi lines

2. Chemical fog 3. Guide shoe marks A. All of the above B. None of the above C. 1 and 2 only D. 2 and 3 only...