Exam View - Chapter 08 PDF

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Chapter 08: Water and Minerals Grodner et al.: Nutritional Foundations and Clinical Applications: A Nursing Approach, 7th Ed MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. If a woman who drinks a cup of decaffeinated coffee in the morning, a cup of fruit juice with lunch, 6 cu

day, and a cup of tea at bedtime, her fluid intake would be considered a. dangerously low. b. below optimal. c. optimal. d. too high. ANS: C

This woman’s total fluid intake for the day is 9 cups, the recommended amount for women. Minimum fl around 4 cups; intake below this would be considered dangerously low. Fluid intake can be too high, bu causes water intoxication is unknown. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying REF: Page 130 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment | Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity | Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. Having only softened tap water at home would be of most concern to a(n) a. pregnant woman. b. full-time student who also works part-time. c. elderly woman with osteoporosis. d. retired man with hypertension. ANS: D

Softened water has relatively high levels of sodium, which exacerbates hypertension in salt-sensitive ind anyone to drink softened water on a regular basis, but it is of special concern for someone with hyperten retired is more likely to drink beverages made with tap water at home. An elderly woman with osteoporo calcium in hard water, but this is less of a concern. A student who is gone at work or school most of the much of the softened tap water. Sodium intake is not a specific concern in pregnancy. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

REF: Page 130 MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

3. Interstitial fluid is the body fluid a. within the cells. b. outside the cells. c. between the cells. d. in the bloodstream. ANS: C

Interstitial fluid is the body fluid between the cells. The fluid within the cells is intracellular fluid; the flu extracellular fluid; the fluid in the bloodstream is blood plasma. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

REF: Page 131 MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

4. Dehydration is most likely to have a negative effect on a. digestion of food. b. storage of excess energy. c. nerve impulse conduction. d. body temperature regulation. ANS: D

Within the body, water helps to regulate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat throughou perspiration. Digestion of food requires secretion of digestive fluids, but this is less immediately affected not needed to store excess energy in adipose tissue. Water is not important for this conduction of nerve i DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying

REF: Page 131 | Page 132

TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

5. It would be most difficult for the body to maintain homeostasis if over several days someone had an inad a. calcium. b di

6. If an athlete ran a marathon, sweated profusely, and drank only water with some sugar to replace fluids a

body would increase secretion of a. adrenaline. b. aldosterone. c. alanine. d. antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ANS: B

The body would respond to loss of sodium in sweat by releasing the hormone aldosterone; this would pr decrease sodium excretion. During a marathon, the body may produce adrenaline in response to stress, b the problem of fluid and energy replacement without sodium replacement. Alanine is an amino acid and balance. ADH causes the kidneys to decrease water excretion but does not affect sodium excretion. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

REF: Page 133 MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

7. If a patient complained of muscle weakness, confusion, decreased appetite, and irregular heartbeat, it wo

blood levels of a. sodium. b. calcium. c. potassium. d. magnesium. ANS: C

These symptoms are typical of a possible blood potassium level that is either too low or too high; both c dangerous. Low sodium levels cause headache, muscle cramps, weakness, reduced ability to concentrate appetite; high sodium levels may cause edema and hypertension. High calcium levels cause weakness, la appetite, nausea and vomiting, constipation, or bone pain; low blood calcium levels cause muscle cramp and tingling in the fingers and around the mouth. Symptoms of magnesium deficiency include twitching weakness, and convulsions; symptoms of magnesium overload are long-term diarrhea and dehydration. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

REF: Page 143 | Page 145 | Page 146 MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

8. In an older adult who is usually very alert, disorientation may be a sign of a. iron deficiency. b. malnutrition. c. edema. d. dehydration. ANS: D

Disorientation may be a sign of dehydration, which is common in older adults, partly because their thirs Iron-deficiency anemia causes fatigue but not disorientation. Severe malnutrition may affect mental acui dehydration to cause acute disorientation. Edema causes swelling but does not usually affect orientation DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

REF: Page 133 | Page 134 | Page 148 | Page 149 MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

9. If an elderly client who lives alone and has a limited income has edema, it would be important to evaluat

of sodium and a. protein. b. calcium. c. chloride. d. potassium. ANS: A

Edema may be caused by high intake of sodium or inadequate intake of protein if protein levels in the bo cellular fluid levels become imbalanced. Edema is not related to dietary intake of calcium, chloride, or p DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment 10. The term bioavailability means the a. total amount of a mineral in a food.

REF: Page 144 MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

b. c. d.

ratio of free mineral to bound mineral in a food. amount of a mineral that is excreted by the body. amount of a mineral that can be absorbed by the body from a food.

11. Long-term dietary calcium intake has the greatest effect on a. body temperature. b. muscular strength. c. bone calcium levels. d. blood calcium levels. ANS: C

Long-term dietary calcium intake affects bone calcium levels. Calcium does not affect body temperature steady levels of calcium in the blood and muscles, using calcium from bone if dietary intake is insufficie DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

REF: Pages 138-142 MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

12. If people want to maximize their absorption of calcium, they should avoid drinking a. tea. b. milk. c. orange juice. d. bottled water. ANS: A

Tea contains oxalic acid and tannins, both of which decrease absorption of calcium. Milk contains lactos increase calcium absorption. Orange juice and bottled water do not have a significant positive or negativ absorption. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

REF: Pages 140-142 MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

13. Lifestyle changes that may help prevent development of osteoporosis include a. reducing intake of animal protein. b. eating a piece of fruit with lunch every day. c. reducing intake of whole grains. d. taking a 30-minute walk most days. ANS: D

Taking a 30-minute walk most days may help prevent development of osteoporosis because regular exer in bone density. Eating vegetable versus animal protein, increasing intake of fruit, and reducing whole g prevent osteoporosis. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

REF: Pages 140-142 MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

14. An example of a food with high levels of phosphorus is a. rice. b. carrots. c. cheese. d. bananas. ANS: C

Foods high in phosphorus include dairy foods (such as cheese). Many processed convenience foods and phosphorus as additives. Fruits, vegetables, and rice are not good sources of phosphorus. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying REF: Page 142 | Page 143 | Page 147 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment | Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 15. A good source of calcium for someone who follows a strict vegetarian (i.e., vegan) diet would be a. coconut milk. b. a bean burrito. c. skim milk. d. pasta salad. ANS: B

A good vegan source of calcium is a bean burrito because legumes contain calcium. Coconut milk and p sources of calcium. Skim milk is not included in a vegan diet.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying REF: Pages 138-142 | Page 147 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning | Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

17. Of the following, the food choice that contains the least sodium is a. cornbread. b. corn tortilla. c. corn on the cob. d. buttered popcorn. ANS: C

The food choice that contains the least sodium is corn on the cob. Of all these forms of corn, this is the l processing usually involves addition of sodium. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying REF: Page 144 | Page 145 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning | Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 18. A sodium intake of 2100 mg daily by a healthy 42-year-old adult would be considered a. below the adequate intake (AI) for adults. b. above the adequate intake (AI) for adults. c. within the adequate intake (AI) for adults. d. within the accepted range for older adults. ANS: C

A sodium intake of 2100 mg daily is above the AI of 1500 mg per day for adults and above the AI of 13 70 years of age. This dietary recommendation is based on the known adequate intake required for good h DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying REF: Page 144 | Page 145 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment | Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 19. A family with three young children has limited income, relies on public transportation, and has just mov

apartment complex with old plumbing and lead pipes. The best recommendation to minimize lead expos a. use only bottled water. b. run the tap water for 2 minutes before using it. c. boil the tap water for 2 minutes before using it. d. use only hot water for drinking, cooking, and preparing food. ANS: B

The best recommendation would be to run the tap water for 2 minutes before using it, so that any water have absorbed lead would not be used. Using bottled water is not practical for a family with limited inco transportation. Boiling the water would not remove the lead and would actually concentrate it. Hot water in fact, only cold water should be used. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing REF: Page 130 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning | Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 20. If someone took a 6-hour car ride in an air-conditioned vehicle without making any bathroom stops, they

the trip than at the beginning because a. of insensible fluid losses from the skin and lungs. b. body fat stores would be metabolized for energy. c. muscle mass would be lost. d. fluid would be lost through sweating. ANS: A

Even in an air-conditioned vehicle, the body still loses fluid through the skin and lungs. The person wou amounts of sweat in an air-conditioned vehicle. A small but fairly insignificant amount of body fat woul mass would be lost only if the driver were inactive or had low protein or carbohydrate intake over severa DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

REF: Page 132 MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

21. The main reason that young women require more dietary iron than young men is a. that they absorb iron less efficiently. b. to compensate for their lower muscle mass. c. to replace blood losses during menstruation....