Exam_Torts_Summary PDF

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TORT$LAW$–$SUMMARY$OF$CASES$ $

BATTERY$$ Fagan%v%Metropolitan%Police%Commissioner%[1969]$1$QB$439$$ - Direct$act$v$omission! - Police!Officer!asked!Fagan!to!move!his!car;!in!doing!do!he!ran!over!the!officer’s!foot,!and! when!asked!to!get!off,!he!turned!the!engine!off!and!stayed!there!! - No!intention!to!run!over!his!foot!! - Fagan!argued!omission!to!get!off!the!foot,!therefore!not!battery!! - HELD:$the!failure!to!drive!off!the!foot!was!still!part!of!the!act!of!driving!(positive!act),!so!still! battery! ! $ Croucher%v%Cachia%[2016]$NSWCA$132$$ - Use$of$implement;$fault$-$intention! - Dispute!between!neighbours!–!fight!with!garden!shears;!Mr!Cachia!received!lacerations!from! an!attack!with!the!shears!! - One!issue!on!appeal!was!fault!–!court!had!to!look!at!what!was!actually!required!to!satisfy! this!! - HELD:$‘…Mr!Croucher!foresaw!that!Mr!Cachia!could!be!injured!by!coming!into!contact!with! the!open!blades,!and!yet!ignored!that!risk.!That!is!sufficient!to!sustain!a!conclusion!of! recklessness!! $ $ Scott%v%Shepherd%(1773)$2$W$Blackstone$$ - Intervening$actors! - D!threw!a!lit!squib!(firecracker)!into!a!busy!market!house,!landing!on!Y’s!stall,!who!picked!it! up!and!threw!it!to!get!rid!of!it!! - It!landed!on!R’s!stall,!who!likewise!threw!it!again;!it!hit!the!plaintiff!in!the!face!and!exploded,! blinding!him!in!one!eye!! - HELD:$Def!directly!injured!the!plaintiff;!R!&!Y!were!not!acting!voluntarily,!so!were!not!liable! $ $

ASSAULT$$ Rixon%v%Star%City%(2001)$53$NSWLR$98$(NSW$CA)$$ - Hostility;$intent$to$cause$apprehension;$consent$(defence)! - Employee!of!casino!came!up!behind!P!and!placed!his!hand!on!his!shoulder,!without!force! and!without!causing!injury,!and!asked!him!‘Are!you!Brian!Rixon?’! - HELD:$lacked!the!necessary!intention!to!create!reasonable!apprehension!of!imminent! harmful!or!offensive!contact! - General!exception!to!defence!of!consent!embracing!all!physical!contact!which!is!generally! acceptable!in!the!ordinary!conduct!of!daily!life! - Statutory!authority!allowing!casino!staff!to!detain!plaintiff!until!police!arrived! ! !

! ! Bradey%v%Schatzel%[1911]$St$R$Qd$206$$$ - Reasonability$of$apprehension! - P!pretended!to!load!a!gun!and!point!it!at!a!police!officer;!could!not!actually!carry!out!the! action,!as!the!gun!was!not!loaded,!but!the!police!officers!were!unaware!of!this!! - HELD:$apprehension!would!be!reasonable! $ $ Police%v%Greaves%[1964]$NZLR$295$$ - Conditional$threat$! - Police!responding!to!a!domestic!dispute,!threatened!with!knife!if!they!came!any!closer!–! ‘leave!unless!you!want!to!get!stabbed’!!! - If!the!condition!is!unreasonable!(i.e.!no!legal!basis/reason!to!support!it)!then!the!threat! imposed!may!still!count!as!battery!! !! $ Tuberville%v%Savage%(1669)$1$Mod$Rep$3$$$ - What$is$actually$being$said/done$$ - P!placed!his!hand!on!his!sword!and!said:!‘If!it!were!not!assize-time!(when!the!judges/extralaw!enforcement!were!in!town),!I!would!not!take!such!words!from!you’!$ - HELD:$no!assault!$ - Actions!of!placing!hand!on!sword!may!appear!threatening,!but!words!indicating!no!assault!to! occur$ $ $ Zanker%v%Vartzokas%(1988)$34$A$Crim$R$11$$ - Immanency$of$physical$contact$$ - Woman!driven!home!by!stranger;!he!tried!to!offer!to!pay!her!for!sexual!acts$ - She!asked!to!get!out,!but!he!refused!and!kept!driving;!told!her!‘When!we!get!to!my!friends’! place!he’s!really!gonna!fix!you!up’!$ - At!trial,!magistrate!found!elements!of!assault!were!not!made!out!as!there!was!no! apprehension!of!‘immediate’!physical!harm!$ - HELD:$On!appeal!-!!‘the!effect!on!the!victim’s!mind!is!the!material!facot!and!not!whether!the! defendant!actually!had!the!intention!or!the!means!to!follow!it!up’!(quoting!from!Barton'v' Armstrong)!$ - Continuing!apprehension!of!battery!that!could!be!carried!out!at!any!time!$ - Inability!to!escape$$

$ $ FALSE$IMPRISONMENT$$ Symes%v%Mahone%[1922]$SASR$447$$ -

Coercion;$no$physical$restraint$$ Police!officer!mistakenly!identified!plaintiff!as!someone!for!whom!an!arrest!warrant!had! been!issued!$ Told!plaintiff!he!‘had’!to!come!with!him!to!town!via!train,!but!did!not!actually! restrain/handcuff!him!$ Plaintiff!submitted!to!officer’s!authority,!purchased!a!train!ticket,!road!into!town!$

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HELD:$$no!escape!reasonably!open!to!plaintiff!$ Authority!of!police!à!plaintiff!felt!he!had!to!follow!their!instructions!or!he’d!be!breaking!the! law$

% % Myer%Stores%v%Soo%[1991]$2$VR$597$$ - Coercion;$no$physical$restraint$$ - Plaintiff!requested!by!police!officers!to!go!to!security!room!at!Myer!as!employee!suspected! him!of!shoplifting!–!no!physical!restraint/force!used$ - HELD:$he!was!falsely!imprisoned!from!the!time!of!the!request!until!his!release!from!the! security!room!$ $ $ Bird%v%Jones%(1845)$7$QB$742$$$ - Ability$to$move$in$all$directions$ - HELD:$obstruction!of!footpath!over!a!footbridge!not!false!imprisonment!$ - Blocked!one!option,!but!there!were!other!paths!available!for!him!to!take!$ $ $ Burton%v%Davies%[1953]$QSR$26$$ - Reasonable$means$of$escape$$ - HELD:!not!reasonable!to!escape!a!moving!car!when!the!only!option!is!to!jump!out$ $ $ Murry%v%Ministry%of%Defence$[1988]$1$WLR$629$$ - Plaintiff$unaware$of$restraint$$ - Plaintiff!sleeping!inside!room!–!guards!posted!outside!!!$ - HELD:$can!still!be!falsely!imprisoned!if!unaware$ $ $ Balmain%New%Ferry%v%Robertson%(1906)$4$CLR$379$$$ - Contracting$away$liberty$$ - Plaintiff!trapped!on!a!wharf!as!a!result!of!refusing!to!pay!the!exit!fare!$ - Means!of!escape!were!to!fulfil!the!terms!of!the!contract!he!freely!entered!into!and!pay!the! fare!$ - HELD:$this!was!reasonable,!so!no!false!imprisonment!$ $ % Heard%v%Weardale%Steel%[1915]$AC$67$(HL)$$$ - Contracting$away$liberty$$ - Workers!trapped!in!coal!mine!because!employer!refused!to!allow!them!to!come!up!early! before!their!shift!was!done!$ - Means!of!escape!were!to!wait!until!the!end!of!the!shift,!in!accordance!with!their! employment!contract!$ - HELD:$this!was!reasonable,!so!no!false!imprisonment$ $ $ $

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DEFENCES$–$CONSENT$$ McNamara%v%Duncan%(1979)$45$FLR$152$$ -

Scope$of$consent$cannot$be$exceeded$$ HELD:$implied!consent!to!contact!in!AFL!Football!does!not!include!consent!to!deliberately! inflicted!injury!in!contravention!of!the!rules$

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DEFENCES$–$SELF-DEFENCE$$ Fontin%v%Kotapodis%(1962)$108$CLR$117$$ -

Cannot$exceed$what$is$reasonably$necessary$to$escape$ K!hit!F!twice!with!wooden!t-square!on!F’s!arm!and!shoulder!$ F!retaliated!by!throwing!a!large,!sharp!piece!of!glass!at!K’s!face,!permanently!injuring!his! hand!$ HELD:$F’s!use!of!force!exceeded!what!was!reasonably!necessary!$ K’s!use!of!the!t-square!had!not!done!serious!harm!and!F!could!have!easily!moved!out!of!the! way!from!further!impending!blows!$ $

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DEFENCES$–$LAWFUL$JUSTIFICATION$$ State%of%New%South%Wales%v%Le%[2017]$NSWCA$290$$ - Police!stopped!Le!at!Sydney!train!station!and!asked!to!see!his!Opal!card!(which!indicated!he! was!a!senior/pensioner)!and!ID!! - Le!refused!to!produce!ID!but!gave!his!birthdate!so!officers!could!radio!in!and!confirm!his! identity!! - While!this!was!happening,!Le!asked!if!he!could!leave!to!get!on!his!train,!and!was!told!by!the! officers!‘You’re!not!going!anywhere’!! - Once!they!verified!his!identify,!they!let!him!go!–!the!entire!interaction!took!4.5!mins!! - At!trial:!NSW!liable!for!$3000!in!damages!for!false!imprisonment!! - HELD:$trial!decision!overturned!on!appeal!à!police!had!lawful!authority!to!detain!Le!for!the! purposes!of!ensuring!he!held!a!valid!Opal!card!under!Passenger'Transport'Regulation'2007' (NSW)!! ! ! !

NEGLIGENCE$–$DUTY$OF$CARE:$PHYSICAL$HARM$ Donoghue%v%Stevenson%[1932]$AC$562$$ -

Neighbourhood$Principle$ Mrs!Donoghue!drank!a!bottle!of!ginger!beer!purchased!by!her!friend!which!had!a!rotted! snail!in!it!$ HELD:$Even!if!there!was!no!contract!between!the!manufacturer!and!Mrs!Donoghue!(and! therefore!no!purported!duty!of!care),!the!manufacturer!was!producing!the!ginger!beer! knowing!that!someone!was!going!to!drink!it;!the!ultimate!consumer!is!obviously!going!to!be! harmed!if!no!care!is!taken!!

! ! $ Chapman%v%Hearse%(1961)$106$CLR$112$$ - Chapman!driving!along!Tapley’s!Hill!road!at!night!time,!bad!weather!and!poor!visibility!! - The!car!in!front!of!him!moved!to!the!centre!of!the!road!wanting!to!turn!and!slowed!down!! - Chapman!collided!with!them!and!was!thrown!from!his!car!onto!the!golf!course!next!to!the! road!! - Shortly!after,!a!number!of!cars!arrived,!including!one!with!Dr!Cherry,!who!went!to!the!aid!of! Chapman,!while!the!drivers!of!the!other!two!cars!attempted!to!help!the!passengers!in!the! other!car!which!was!hit!! - Chapman!was!in!the!middle!of!the!road,!and!a!car!driven!by!Hearse!came!along,!ran!over! and!killed!Dr!Cherry! - Visibility!was!poor;!it!was!overcast!and!raining;!the!streetlight!nearest!to!the!site!was!out!so! it!was!quite!dark!! - Dr!Cherry’s!family!sued!Hearse!claiming!that!he!caused!the!accident;!Hearse!claimed!that! Chapman!had!some!responsibility!and!he!could!not!have!reasonably!foreseen!that!Dr!Cherry! would!come!along!and!go!to!Chapmans!aid!! - HELD:$it!was!not!essential!that!Hearse!could!not!foresee!the!doctor!and!the!precises! sequence!of!events,!just!that!if!he!drove!without!care!that!he!could!hurt!someone!! - to!establish!the!prior!existence!of!a!duty!of!care!with!respect!to!a!plaintiff,!you!do!not!have! to!understand!or!foresee!the!precise!sequence!of!events.!‘It!is!sufficient!if!it!appears!that! injury!to!a!class!of!persons!(i.e.!road!user)!of!which!he!was!one!might!reasonably!have!been! foreseen!as!a!consequence’!! - very!broad!foreseeability!! - A!duty!of!care!was!owed!to!Dr!Cherry,!Chapman,!and!everyone!else!using!the!road!that! night,!as!they!were!road!users!(despite!the!unusual!circumstances);!Hearse!was!therefore! liable!! ! !

NEGLIGENCE$–$DUTY$OF$CARE:$MENTAL$HARM$ Mt%Isa%Mines%v%Pusey%(1970)$125$CLR$383$$ - Diagnosed$psychiatric$condition! - Two!employees!were!injured!(suffered!nasty!burns!from!electrocution);!the!plaintiff!(Pusey)! helped!evacuate!the!men,!who!later!both!died!! - Pusey!was!not!physically!injured,!but!suffered!acute!depression,!anxiety!and!had!a!sever! schizophrenic!reaction!requiring!psychiatric!treatment!–!could!only!work!for!short!periods!of! time!! - Under!the!original!law,!he!was!unable!to!be!compensated!because!he!did!not!suffer!any! physical!harm!!! - Mt!Isa!argued!that!they!could!not!foresee!that!any!injury!to!their!workers!would!result!in!a! mental!injury!of!this!level!! - HELD:!do!not!have!to!foresee!the!particular!pathological!condition!! ! $ $ $ $

! ! Tames%v%State%of%NSW;%Annetts%v%Australian%Stations%Pty%Ltd%(2002)$191$ALR$449$$ - Tame!was!a!case!of!very!little!merit,!but!was!used!to!clarify!the!question!of!normal$ fortitude;!that!is,!someone!who!was!less!than!robust!in!their!mental!health!and!potentially! susceptible!to!mental!harm!! - Mrs!Tame!was!driving!a!car!and!was!involved!in!an!accident!! - In!the!original!accident!report,!the!police!officer!eft!the!alcohol!off!the!form;!at!a! later!date!a!level!of!.14!was!entered!onto!her!accident!report!form!–!this!was! actually!the!level!of!the!other!driver!who!was!at!fault!! - Mrs!Tame!became!very!upset,!however!it!became!clear!during!the!investigation!of! the!insurance!company!that!this!was!a!mistake!and!it!was!removed!and!apologies! were!offered!! - Mrs!Tame!became!obsessed,!claiming!that!this!was!a!slight!on!her!personality!and! that!everyone!would!think!that!she!was!an!alcoholic!and!driving!over!the!limit;!she! developed!a!psychiatric!disorder!as!a!result!and!brought!an!action!in!negligence! against!the!police!officers,!claiming!that!them!recording!her!BAL!at!.14!caused!her! significant!injury!!! - The!police!claimed!that!it!was!not!reasonably!foreseeable!that!someone!of!normal! fortitude!(i.e.!normal!health!(mental!and!physical))!would!respond!in!this!way!to!this! event!! - HELD:$the!court!upheld!the!police’s!argument;!but!said!that!the!question!of!of! normal!fortitude!was!irrelevant;!it!is!the!foreseeability!that!is!relevant! - The!legal!question!of!relevance!is!whether!it!is!reasonably!foreseeable!that!a!person! of!normal!fortitude!would!suffer!psychiatric!injury!in!those!conditions!(i.e.! seeing/being!in!a!car!accident!and!seeing!seriously!injured!people)!! - It!therefore!does!not!matter!if!a!person!is!susceptible!to!mental!illness!or!not;!if!it!is! foreseeable!that!something!could!happen,!then!you!are!responsible!for!anything! that!happens!(same!for!physical!harm)!! - Annetts:''! - Mr!&!Mrs!Annett’s!16!year!old!son!went!out!to!work!for!Australian!Stations!in!the! outback;!they!had!sought!reassurance!from!Australian!Stations!that!he!would!be! looked!after!and!supervised!at!all!times!! - However,!shortly!after!starting!there!he!was!put!in!a!car!and!told!to!go!and!be!a! caretaker!at!a!remote!part!of!the!property!! - He!went!missing;!the!parents!were!told!over!the!telephone!! - Mrs!Annett!collapsed!upon!hearing!the!news!! - 3!months!after!he!went!missing!his!blood-stained!hat!was!found,!and!3!months! again!after!that!his!body!(skeletal!remains)!were!found!–!Mr!&!Mrs!Annett!saw! photos!of!this!! - They!suffered!psychiatric!harm!as!a!result,!and!claimed!that!a!duty!of!care!was!owed!! - Under!the!strict!control!test!set!in!Jaensch'v'Coffey'(1984),!they!were!not!able!to! recover!–!no!‘sudden!sensory!perception’!!! - High!court!overturned!this!and!stated!that!the!principles!in!Jaensch'were!not! strict!control!mechanisms!but!rather!relevant!factors!which!needed!to!be! considered!when!determining!if!a!duty!of!care!was!owed! $ $ $

! ! King%v%Philcox%(2015)$255$CLR$304$$ - Limiting$Aftermath! - King!negligently!caused!an!accident!and!his!passenger,!Scott!Philcox,!was!injured!and! trapped!in!the!car!–!he!later!died!! - During!the!time!following!the!accident,!Ryan!Philcox,!his!brother,!drove!through!the! intersection!(coincidentally)!on!five!separate!occasions!! - He!saw!the!accident,!the!damage!done!and!the!efforts!to!rescue!his!brother!–!but!he!didn’t! know!it!was!his!brother!! - Later!that!evening!his!parents!told!him!that!his!brother!had!died!in!those!circumstances,!and! he!figured!out!that!he!had!actually!seen!it!all!and!he!became!distressed!and!suffered!a!major! depressive!disorder!and!claimed!for!mental!harm! - He!was!unsuccessful!in!the!District!Court!of!SA;!successful!in!the!Supreme!Court!of!SA;! however!this!was!reversed!on!appeal!! - Claimed!no!duty!of!care!was!owed!under!s33!&!that!he!was!not!present!at!the!scene!! - HELD:$the!high!court!held!that!there!was!a!duty!of!care!owed!under!s33,!but!he!failed!to! meet!the!standards!required!in!s53!! $ $

NEGLIGENCE$–$STANDARD$OF$CARE:$BREACH$$ Wyong%Shire%Council%v%Shirt%(1980)$146$CLR$40$$ - Far$fetched$or$fanciful$risk$$ - A!sign!indicating!deep!water!in!a!channel!(in!the!water)! - Could!water!ski!on!one!side!of!the!sign,!on!the!other!side!you!could!not!! - Anyone!who!knew!the!rules/understood!the!sign!would!know!which!side!to!ski!on!! - A!relatively!inexperienced!water!skier!went!skiing!on!one!side!of!the!sign,!thinking!they!were! in!the!deep!water!(when!they!were!not)!and!fell!off!and!were!severely!injured!! - They!claimed!that!the!sign!needed!more!clarity!(i.e.!an!arrow!indicating!which!side!was!the! deep!water)!!! - Council!claimed!that!everybody!knew!what!the!sign!meant!(shallow!water!on!one!side!and! deep!water!on!the!other)! - Does$a$duty$of$care$exist?!Yes!–!duty!owed!by!the!council;!knew!people!used!the!area!for! skiing!and!that!there!was!a!likelihood!of!people!getting!injured!!! - What$was$the$standard$owed?$$! - Court!had!to!determine!what!a!‘foreseeable!risk’!was!! - Mason!J:!‘a!foreseeable!risk!is!one!which!is!described!as!not!‘far!fetched!or!fanciful’!!! - Not!saying!it!is!probable,!just!that!it!is!not!far!fetched!or!fanciful!! - (not!insignificant!–!calculus!of!negligence!–!s32(2)!! $ $ Bolton%v%Stone%[1951]$AC$850$$$ - Calculus$of$Negligence:$Probability$$ - Cricket!club!existed!and!they!had!played!cricket!there!since!1846!! - In!1910,!a!road!was!built!and!a!very!high!fence!was!constructed!! - In!1947!Miss!Stone!was!standing!outside!of!her!house,!which!was!opposite!the!cricket! ground,!and!was!hit!in!the!head!by!a!cricket!ball!! - She!argued!that!it!was!the!cricket!club’s!negligence!that!caused!that!!

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Test!to!be!applied!was!whether!the!risk!of!damage!to!a!person!on!the!road!was!so!small!that! a!reasonable!person!in!the!position!of!the!appellants,!considering!the!matter!from!the!point! of!view!of!safety,!would!have!thought!it!right!to!refrain!from!taking!steps!to!prevent!the! danger!–!a!question!not!of!law,!but!of!fact!and!degree!! What$was$reasonable$in$the$circumstances?$!! - They!had!been!playing!cricket!there!for!a!long!time,!and!that!was!an!excessively! good!hit!that!had!actually!left!the!ground!and!gone!over!the!fence!and!across!the! road!! - The!chances!of!her!standing!there!at!that!particular!time!were!very!slim!! HELD:$It!wasn’t!reasonable!–!the!risk!was!insignificant!(far!fetched!and!fanciful)!–!didn’t!need! to!take!those!precautions!!! Also!covered!in!Road'Traffic'v'Dedera'(not!sure!of!spelling)'–!bridge!had!been!there!for!a! very!long!time!and!no!one!had!been!able!to!climb!over!the!fence!in!that!time,!which!meant! that!this!was!a!very!unlikely!event!to!occur!! $

$ Romeo%v%Conservation%Council%of%Northern%Territory%(1998)$192$CLR$432$$ - Calculus$of$Negligence:$Probability$ - Group!of!friends!drinking!at!a!scenic!spot!in!Darwin!(Dripstone!Cliffs)!at!the!cliffs!edge!–! nothing!blocking!the!view! - Two!girls!went!off!to!relieve!themselves,!mistook!a!gap!in!bushes!and!fell!off!the!cliff!6ft! down!to!the!beach!below!! - One!landed!safely!and!was!uninjured,!the!other!received!significant!injuries!! - They!argued!that!there!was!a!breach!of!duty!from!the!conservation!council!of!NT!and!that! they!should!have!done!something!to!protect!them!from!that!harm!! - HELD:$all!of!the!judges!held!that!the!defendant!should!have!reasonably!foreseen!that!people! such!as!the!plaintiff!could!walk!off!the!unfenced!cliff!! - Differed!on!what!they!believed!what!ought!to!have!been!done/what!was!reasonable! in!the!circumstances!! - All!applied!the!same!test!and!came!to!different!conclusions!! - Ultimately!held!that!there!was!no!breach!of!duty!(split!court!–!3:2)!!! $ $ $ Doubleday%v%Kelly%[2005]$NSWCA$151$$ - Calculus$of$Negligence$$ - 7!year!old!got!on!a!trampoline!in!roller!skates,!fell!off!and!broke!her!arm!!! - Court!held!that!the!roller!skates!were!a!bizarre!complexity,!but!not!an!important!one!! - What!needed!to!be!considered!was!the!general!duty!of!care!–!don’t!need!to!foresee! the!exact!injury!that!will!occur,!just!that!some!injury!will!! - Child!left!unsupervised!–!foreseeable!that!she!may!injure!herself/be!harmed!! - Adequate!precautions!would!have!been!to!flip!the!trampoline!so!that!she!couldn’t! get!on!it!! $ $ $ $

! ! E%v%Australian%Red%Cross%Society%(1991)$31$FCR$299$$ - Calculus$of$Negligence:$Social$Utility$$ - In!1984!plaintiff!underwent!surgery!at!a!Sydney!Hospital!and!had!a!blood!transfusion!from! the!bloodbank!! - He!developed!HIV!and!later!AIDS!! - The!blood!had!been!donated!in!1984!(the!year!where!it!had!only!just!begun!to!be!suspected! that!HIV!could!be!transmitted!through!blood)!! - By!the!time!the!matter!got!to!the!court!in!1991,!it!was!known!without!a!doubt!that!HIV!was! transferred!through!blood,!and!certain!tests!were!in!place!both!before!giving!blood!and!on! the!blood!itself!to!ensure!that!it!was!not!tainted!! - HELD:$no!negligence!–!concerns!what!is!reasonable!and!known!at'that'time!! - was!not!known!that!this!could!cause!HIV!! - no!question!regarding!the!magnitude!of!the!risk,!but!limited!knowledge!with!regard!to!the! disease!and!its!progress,!they!really!couldn’t!do!anything!about!it!at!that!time!! - was!unreasonable!for!them!to!take!precautions!! - was!a!test!in!development,!however!this!would!have!required!the!blood!bank!to! destroy!a!certain!amount!of!the!blood!stock,!so!the!social!utility!was!higher! (requirement!of!the!blood)!! $ $ $ Harris%v%Bulldogs%Rugby%League%Club%Limited%[2006]$NSWCA$53$$ - Calculus$of$Negligence:$Social$Utility$ - Plaintiff!injured!by!a!firework!in!a!rugby!game!! - Question!revolved!around!whether!sufficient!means!had!been!taken!to!search!bags!...