EXED 303- 1-31 - Lecture notes 4 PDF

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Shaping  Reinforcement of successive approximations of a behavior  EX: Drafts to a final paper, baby saying mom  Successive approximation of a behavior until desired results are reached  Give praise where they are at then move expectations once lower goal is met  Always show the end goal Chaining  The process of learning each individual behavior of a more complex behavior and then putting them all together  Requires a task analysis; breaking down a task into smaller steps or parts  EXAMPLE: o Hold pencil o Draw straight lines and curves o Write letters o Write words o Know sentence formula o Put words in sentence formula correctly Types of Chaining  Whole/Total Chaining o Teach all steps of the chain at one time o Most common process  EX: Solving a 1-step equation  Name thing 7 continents  Forward Chaining o Teaching the 1st step only until mastered o Next teach 1st and 2nd step together o After each step is mastered another step is added until whole chain is mastered  EX: Just teaching to count number values and then teaching continued counting to learn to add  Backward Chaining o Modeling whole process but only have students complete the final step until it is mastered o Now model whole process but the student does the last two steps until both are mastered o Keep modeling one fewer step each time until student is doing whole thing independently  EX: Give student map of US with all regions filled in but 1. Then give student map of US with all regions filled in but 2. Schedules of Reinforcement  Continuous

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o Fixed Ratio 1- reinforcement is provided after every occurrence of the behavior o Should be used when initially teaching a behavior o Unwanted behaviors on a continuous reinforcement schedule tend to extinguish quickly when reinforcement removed Intermittent o 4 types  Fixed Ratio (other than one)-reinforcement given after a set number of behaviors is done  Fixed interval- 1st behavior after set time is reinforced  Variable Ratio- reinforcement given after a different number of responses (often not predetermined)  Variable Interval- reinforcement is given for behavior 1 time after average (but different amounts of time has passed)

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