Family Studies 4U Unit Notes PDF

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Summary

UGDSB schoolboard
School: GCVI

Extensive notes of all units.
Unit 1: Family, feminism, systems
Unit 2: Life based theories: Stages and development
Unit 3: Marriage, Love and relationships
Unit 4: Parenting and elderly motivations ...

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UNIT 1 Functions of The Family -Physical maintenance and care of group members. -Additions of new members through procreation or adoption. -Socialization of children. -Social control of members. -Production, consumption and distribution of goods and services. -Affective nurturance and love. Perception- Way brain interprets an image or event. Perspective- Way you perceive or interpret the meaning of an image or event. **Perspective is influenced by the beliefs and values you hold. Functionalism- System to maintain a state of balance and social equilibrium. (Functional vs dysfunctional to describe the effects of social elements on society. Can be manifest- consequences intended latent- not intended) Systems Theory- Feedback results in give or take, influencing each other to maintain stability. (Family systems- maintain stable size by birth, adoption and marriage. Only leave by death) 3 subsystems Family Unit- members sharing household. Interpersonal- Between individuals (e.g. mother/son or husband/wife) Personal- Individual as self and as a member of the family. **Family systems adapt when 1’s behaviour changes, resulting in others to evolve (new strategies) (((((Functionalism v Systems- Explains actions of individuals as inseparable rather than explaining actions)))) Symbolic Interactionism- Individuals behave based on perceptions of themselves by others. 3 concepts 1. Person develops their “me” (objective qualities e.g. height, male, student) and “i” that is subjective awareness of self (e.g. smart, shy and lonely) 2. Take attitude of the other to anticipate their actions. 3. People can only interact using common and shared symbols to communicate. (People attempt to understand POV of another to explain the action) Exchange Theory- Individuals make choices based on costs and benefits. People try to maximize benefits and minimize costs. -Social roles are stable when the exchange is equal. Life-Course Approach (Developmental Theory)- Predictable changes in various stages in life -Looks at various stages. **Developmental tasks- prerequisites for moving to the next stage. -These changes can be biological, physical, social and cultural. Conflict Theory/Feminism- Political theory that looks at how societies are held together by power and NOT by individuals or groups needing each other. -***Asks the question “Functional for who?” (It criticizes systems). -Thesis vs Antithesis to lead to a synthesis/compromise and new Thesis. Feminism Theory- androcentricity is bias that assumes male behaviour is human behaviour.

Types of Feminism Socalist feminism- Status of women is a social inequality rooted in capitalism and the model of family. Radical feminism- Any male-female relationship is exploitative. Cultural feminism- Society would be benefited by encouraging feminine behaviour. Liberal feminism- Discriminatory policies force women into an inferior social class that restricts their full rights. Ecological Systems Theory- Individual decisions are made on many levels. Looks at individuals and families as members of interlocking systems in society that influence e/o. 1. Microsystem- e/ individual is a system that develops behaviour to meet its needs. 2. Mesosystem- Small groups, such as family, which socializes the individual in ways that are influenced by society. 3. Exosystem- socio-economic environment including extended family, school and employment which sets expectations and influences. (No control over it e.g. parent loses job). 4. Macrosystem- Socio-cultural, society in which person lives (e.g. living in a poor country). 5. Chronosystem- Dimension of time; influence of environment over time in life-course.

UNIT 2

Child Roles: Prehistoric- Leave home when they are sexually mature (avoid incest). Pre-Industrial: -Many children died -Lower class girls worked as servants -boys as labourers -Primary schools created, but the kids had to work. Industrialization/Urbanization: -Middle class daughters educated at home, boys in school -Fathers took kids to work in factories -Fathers controlled household money (17+ paid rent) -Children lived at home until mid 20’s Development of Schooling: Mandatory Schooling (Poor were unhappy) Workplaces in 20th century: -Education widely accepted -Until WW2 boys and girls left school at 14 (To work) -Poor skipped school -Education=Well Paying Job -Young adults worked way up jobs. -Women in workforce -Adulthood transition delayed

Adulthood: Period of life after childhood until death. Social Status obtained once independendent, started career, left home and formed supportive relations. (In the 21st century these markers are less predictable). Emerging Adulthood: Transition that begins in adolescence and continues into adulthood. Usually between 18 to 34 Boomerang Age: Generation that moves in and out of home of origin as they become independent. Identity- Who you are-- Based on what others think about you. Why females often leave home earlier: marry younger, protective families Clocks Chronological: Defines adulthood in precise age (e.g. drive at 16, vote at 18) Biological: Physical changes resulted from sexual maturity, attainment of adult size and strength Psychological: How brain is developing as individuals acquire new mental processes and more mature ways of understanding the world Social: Timetable for society expectations, concerning when certain events should occur (Marriage, drinking). Eric Erickson: Eight Stages of Life -All stages in life cycle -Predictable stages of development from childhood to adulthood. -Each stage has a dilemma, failure to resolve--person may face difficulties later -Early Adulthood Stage 1. Identity vs Role Confusion (Define who they are and what they want to be in future) (Resolving gives basic strength of fidelity and ability to live by society’s standards) -E A Stage 2: Intimacy vs Isolation (Forming relations without losing identity) (Resolving results in love and relationships) Klaus Riegel: Dimensions of Development -Adulthood is not in predictable stages, but as ind/ adjust in response to internal/external changes. -Change in 1 dimension requires adjustment in 1+ -Internal Psych/ dimension: Emotional maturity, independence. -Internal Biological: physical and sexual maturity -External Cultural-sociological: Expectations and opportunities defined by society. -External Environmental: Physical, economic and political environment where one lives. Jane Loevinger: Theory of Ego Development -10 Stages in ego formation -Begins in infancy when you understand you’re a separate person from mother. -Full ego development: Autonomous self (Self reliant who accepts oneself and others as unique) 3 stages Relevant to Young Adults Conformist Stage: View life in simple stereotypical ways

Self-aware stage: Begin to understand and accept individual differences. Conscientious Stage: Able to appreciate others as individuals. (Ego is essential for autonomy) (Progress from 1 stage to other is determined by psychological clock) Daneil Levinson: Family Life-Cycle Framework -Parents and child must separate so young adults can accept emotional responsibility prior to forming family of their own. -Describes early adulthood as time when individuals are launched from families of origin -Criticized for focus on early adulthood in context of marriage and parenthood. Young adults must complete 3 tasks as they become independent -Forming identity separate from family -Making commitment to career or work role. -Developing intimate relationships with peers outside of family. Leonard Pearlin: Theory of Psychological Distress -Continuous change influenced by distress (stimulus that requires a psychological response) -People able to change life structure at any time. -Cohort Effect: Changes in behaviour results from socialized responses to a common external social clock. Path determined by four elements: -individual characteristics -Range of coping skills -Support Networks -Nature and timing of stress Daniel Levinson: Theory of Seasons of Life -Life course evolves through seasons lasting about 25 years each -Adult season begins 17-22 4 Major Tasks 1. Forming a dream and giving it a place in life structure. 2. Forming an occupation 3. Forming mentor relationships 4. Forming love relationships The Dream is an ind/ sense of self and core of life structure From 22 to 28, people try to attain dream then in 30’s re-evaluate to see if they if they are living out their dream. Jeffery Arnett: Theory of emerging Adulthood -18 to 25 in industrialized countries are not yet adults, but no longer kids. -Emerging adults have a variety of possible life directions in love, work and worldviews.

UNIT 3

5 Trend in a couple relationships -Marriage is still a common expectation. -People are getting married later. -More people cohabiting. -Marriage makes financial sense. -38% lifetime divorce rate (Canada). 5 purposes of marriage (+Ppl still desire commitment) -Natural thing -Cultural expectations -Financial stability -Appropriate to raise kids -Adult status Theoretical perspectives on decision to marry Exchange: Advantages over alternatives (Social and psychological). Functionalism: Different Roles. Men financial role, women are nurturing. Feminist:Older men for more resources/power. Age difference is used to dominate. People most likely to live common law -Men more likely -People with post secondary (over people with just high school) -Canadian born -Less religious -Grew up with single parents -French speakers from Quebec -Highest Cohabitation rate is in Quebec. -People who cohabitate before marriage have twice the divorce rate as people are less selective about partners, + don’t establish problem solving strategies. -61% of Canadians approve of same sex marriage. -Free choice mate selection: Two people attracted to each other, fall in love, get married. -Evolutionary Psychology: Sexual attraction can be traced to our prehistoric ancestors. Men want women who can raise kids. Women choose mates who can be good providers. -Social Homogamy: Individuals are attracted to people with similar social and cultural backgrounds. -Ideal Mate: Unconscious image of “ideal mate” and what they value. Love at first sight (Symbolic Interactionist). -Social Exchange: Attraction based on reality. “What do they see in each other?”.

-Fewer arranged marriages end in divorce as stronger commitment to community, parents are wise and no expectations for the person to be a ‘soul mate’ beforehand. -Equal+Interdependent marriage= Companionate or Consummate Marriage. -Smaller families= More emphasis on the relationship between husband and wife. - 3 Stages of Marriage: Romantic love, power struggle, conscious marriage/realistic. -men work slightly more paid work. Less total hours on unpaid for both genders (childcare, house cleaners e.g.)

-Sternberg’s love Triangle: Passion (sexual desire), Intimacy (meet other’s psych/ needs), Commitment (maintaining relation). Side lengths change depending on stage of relationship. History of marriage -Human organization -Regulated sex -Socializing kids -Economic unit -Love did not matter Conflict: Person with least commitment has the greatest power (principle of lease interest). - Number One reason for divorce is financial issues - Most common issues in first 5 years are time, sex and money. How men and women deal with conflict; Men Women Wait to address -Address immediately Feel pressure to give more Expect more Competitive to win Equality -Three phases of divorce: Awareness (withdraw relation), Seperation (plan, settle and deal with issues), and Reorganization (establish separate lives). -Divorce went from being rare in the early 1900’s, to only being granted for cruelty or adultery (pre 1968), to Divorce Act allowing marriage breakdown after 3 year separation. In 1985, reduced to one year of separation. -Individual effects of divorce: Different values, abuse, alcohol and drugs, infidelity, career conflict. -Cycle of Violence: Tension building, abuse, calm and penance. -Men who abuse are usually unemployed, working extra jobs, bankrupt, losing ground in career. -Help available for domestic violence are emergency centers, support groups or law enforcement.

Wallerstein Tasks for a good marriage -Separating emotionally from family of origin. -Building togetherness -Sexual relation -Daunting roles of parenthood -Confronting inevitable crises of life. -marriage is a safe haven. -Nurturing and comforting -Keeping romance alive, with sober realities of change. Gottman -Affection, respect and positive attitude relation with repairing destructive communication behaviours. -Quality of interaction is a predictor of marital success. Murstein’s Filter Theory

-Filter from an eligible partner until you find the one you are ready to marry. -Sift through eligible partners ● By physical proximity ● Then Attraction ● Homogamy filter ● Needs/roles compatibility ● Trial ● Decision Script Theory -Well defined social and cultural script for dating that people learn. -e.g. Asking for date, preparations, interactions and expectations.

UNIT 4

-Children’s right violations around the world are child prostituion, homelessness and child labour -The replacement rate is 2.1 to maintain the population, for workers/consumers to provide economic growth. Trends associated with the fertility rate are; birth control, mandatory schooling, baby boom, gender equality, education/labour force. -Canada has an infant mortality rate of 5/1000. PEI has the lowest, Nunavut has the highest. -6.1 per 100,000 live birth maternal mortality in Canada. 400 per 100,000 for world. Ecological Systems on Having Children Micro: Biological Drive Meso: Dreams, family, expectations, peer influences Exo: Education, career, finances Macro: Social/cultural Norms and government policy Future Families Project: Top 3 considerations of planning a baby 1. Time 2. Responsibilities 3. Strength of a Relationship -80% also considered fulfillment of a child provides to be important. Theories on decision to have a baby Symbolic Interactionist: How you see yourself shifts to “mom” or “dad” now. Systems: Shift of balance, and adjustment of roles. Developmental: Normal stage in life-course. Feminist: Another way to tie down a woman. Social Exchange: benefits vs costs. Functionalism: Good for society, and a normative event. Following issues on decision to have a baby Divorce: More children, the less chance for divorce. Money: Less money available, or lack of- when have a kid. Working Women: Delayed parenthood or delayed work. Genetic Diseases: Affects decision to have a kid, or to have another one to help the first one.

-Infertility is not being to conceive for a year. It can be caused by age, STI’s and endometriosis. -Some couples remain child free as they don’t want a child-centered life, conflicts with career/lifestyle and not being married. Adoption Trends: -Less kids placed in adoption in the last 20yrs. -More private adoptions -Older children more available Role overload- Taking on too many roles (e.g. new parents). Role negotiation- Sharing roles/ Deciding who does what. -Couples with strong rln before the baby, had the least problems.

-Main complaint of parents is lack of time. -Generativity: Establishing and guiding the next generation. Having a baby satisfies this by appeasing the 4 forms of generativity: 1. Biological Generativity (Become a parent) 2. Parental Generativity (Raise kids) 3. Technical Generativity (Passing knowledge) 4. Cultural Generativity (Sharing culture) -Infant attachment is important to a) develop trust as an infant (become secure), foundation for positive future rln’s. 3 Parenting Styles Authoritative: Warm/accepting, encourage child to make decisions, indirect positive control Authoritarian: Formal, obedience to norms. Punishment + Direct control Permissive: Relaxed and few rules. Children have larger share of control. (Other one is uninvolved parenting) -Most children are cared for by their grandparents on work days. -Universal daycare is daycare available for all (free). -Negatives of non-parental daycare: For 20hrs+ more insecure, more aggressive and non-compliant. -Positives of non-parental daycare: Quality of parent/lid rln differs. Balance work and kids. -Custodial grandparents experience difficulties of poor health, lack of energy, depression, stress, less leisure time and financial stress. -Immigrants are most likely to live with extended family. -In divorce, most common custody arrangement is with the mother in joint custody. -It is better for parents to split up rather than live in an unhappy rln. Then it will be more peaceful and secure. 8 effects of divorce on kids -Lack of problem solving -Early sexual activity -More pregnancies -More drug and alcohol use -Less money -Delinquency -Feel abandoned -Blame Themselves -LICO is the lower income cut off, where 20%+ goes on basic needs. Persistent poverty.

Effects of poverty on kids -Health issues -Lack of proper nutrition -Development delays -Shorter life expectancy -Behaviour delays --Live in unsafe areas -Government can help poor families through social assistance programs, provide quality childcare and early learning, and also allows mothers to work. -Parents are affected by the death of a child by guilt, higher chance of divorce, change of worldview, and redefine their purpose. Siblings are affected by the death of another sibling by... -Feeling they need to replace them -Fear they could die -Isolation from peers -Difficulty in school Behaviour problems -Depression...