FEASIBILITY REPORT ON ESTABLISHING A RESTRAURANT DOCX

Title	FEASIBILITY REPORT ON ESTABLISHING A RESTRAURANT
Author	Ohadiugha U
Pages	3
File Size	15.7 KB
File Type	DOCX
Total Downloads	490
Total Views	746

Summary

Description

INTRODUCTION Overview of the Immune System The immunopathogenesis of many human diseases is characterized at the molecular level. Therefore, a basic understanding of immune function is often useful. Specific manipulation of the immune system for therapeutic purposes is now possible. Types of immunity The 2 recognized types of immunity are innate and adaptive. Innate immunity is relatively nonspecific. It is the body's first-line defense against many bacterial pathogens. Innate immunity resides in the skin, mucous membranes, polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, complement system, and a select group of cells that possess cytotoxic capabilities. The skin and mucous membranes act as physical barriers to invading microorganisms. PMN cells (ie, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages) primarily have a phagocytic function. Granulocytes are mobile phagocytes that travel to areas of inflammation to engulf and destroy invading microorganisms. They are relatively indiscriminate in their function. Monocytes circulate, whereas macrophages are fixed in lymphoid and mucosal tissues. They can also phagocytose foreign microorganisms. Binding of complement to a foreign substance, or antigen, amplifies and augments the body's innate immune system by means of its role as an opsonin (a factor that enhances phagocytosis of unwanted particles) and as a chemoattractant (a factor that recruits cells to areas of inflammation). Natural-killer (NK) cells are specialized lymphocytes that have cytotoxic properties in addition to their ability to produce cytokines that assist in the orchestration of adaptive immunity. In contrast to basic innate immunity, adaptive immunity is specific and depends on antigenic stimulation. Antigens are foreign substances that evoke an immune response. They can take on many different forms, including proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates. The generation of receptors specific for antigens is a unique and complex process that generates 1012 specific receptors for each cell type of the adaptive immune system, including T and B cells. After a complex process of education and maturation, a circulating lymphocyte can bind to an antigen. Various cell types can process and present these antigens to T cells, or antigens may be soluble and bound to B-cell receptors. Cell-to-cell interactions set off a cascade of events that may result in T- or B-cell activation and, ultimately, host defense. The adaptive immune system consists of 2 types of lymphocytes: T-cells (70-75% of the adaptive immune force) and B cells (10-20% of the adaptive immune force). NK cells are specialized effectors of the innate immune system that destroy their targets by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, have prominent antitumor effects, and are potent killers of virally infected cells. GRANULOCYTES...