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Unit 6 – Proteins The AMDR for protein in the diet is ___ - ___% of energy ___% of the population consumes above the AMDR for protein Label the following as either animal products or plant products: -advantageous source since they provide a good source of fibre and are lower in fat, incomplete protein: -most concentrated source of protein, used more efficiently by the body, complete proteins: Protein is ________________ in the diet of athletes and is ____ as valuable to health as other nutrients The body is about ___% protein which is found mostly in the ________, ________, and _________ Each amino acid contains:

Essential amino acids are defined as: Non-essential amino acids are defined as: List the 9 essential amino acids: List the 11 non-essential amino acids: What does the 3D shape of a protein determine and give two examples:

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Which two substances in the stomach begin denaturation and chemical digestion of proteins and polypeptides? The pancreas secretes two substances (name below). Where are these substances released into? The small intestine breaks polypeptides into ______________, ______________, and _______ ______

_________ proteins facilitate the absorption of proteins into the ________ cell where di- and tripeptides are broken into single amino acids which then pass into the _______ and travel to the ________ To summarize, the majority of protein digestion takes place in the __________ and ______ _________ with the help of ___________ _____ and _______ in the stomach and proteindigesting enzymes ________ and ____________ in the small intestine How are food allergies triggered?

When are a protein’s amino acids available in the body and what is the group of available amino acids called?

Define protein turnover: What is the process of protein turnover dependent on? Fill in the boxes and arrows where necessary

The amino group of the amino acid must first be removed by ____________ before the amino acid can be _____________ and used as an energy source. The amine removed can be used in three ways: The high energy e- from breakdown of amino acids are transferred to the __________ _________ ________ where the energy is used to synthesize _____ and combines with H and O2 to form _____ Name the seven protein functions: -

Inadequate protein intake is often related to _______ __________ Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) may include one of two things: Differentiate between kwashiorkor and marasmus:

What is the treatment for kwashiorkor? Differentiate between the short term and long-term effects of protein excess:

Define celiac disease:

Protein recommendations are based on __________ __________ ________. Why are protein recommendations based on these studies?

Where is the majority of nitrogen lost? Define/Describe:

-Nitrogen Balance:

-Negative Nitrogen Balance:

-Positive Nitrogen Balance:

RDA for protein for adults: RDA for protein for endurance athletes: RDA for protein for strength athletes: What is protein quality?

What does it mean when a protein is a “complete protein”?

Why is protein complementation necessary in the diet and what types of diets must protein complementation be watched carefully?

Unit 7 – Vitamins Define fortification: Define enrichment: List the vitamins that help to provide the following functions: Immune Function: Blood Formation and Clotting: Energy Metabolism: Antioxidant: Bone Health: Amino Acid Metabolism: Growth and Development:

Vitamins must be __________ to be utilized by the body The ______ _________ is the primary site for absorption Bioavailability is: What determines how vitamins are absorbed? The water-soluble vitamins are: The fat-soluble vitamins are: The B vitamins function as __________ to help enable chemical reactions Name the eight B vitamins: -

Vitamin Vitamin B1

– Vitamin B2

in – Vitamin B3

Sources

Function

Deficiency

Toxicity

-Beriberi and Wernicke-Karsakoff syndrome, which is a result of a deficiency in ____________, are both seen in alcoholics since alcohol: These syndromes are characterized by: -Pellagra develops as a result of a deficiency in ____________ and is characterized by: -Pyridoxine is synonymous with which vitamin? These comprise a group of compounds, namely _________, ____________, ____________

Fill in the blanks where applicable: Proteins

-Folate is a group of related compounds that include ______ _____ and ________ Folic acid is: Most folate found naturally in food is _______ _____________ which is: Which form of folic acid can be absorbed? Spina bifida results from low folate during _______ __________ and is characterized by: Anencephaly is a failure of the ________ _____ to close which can cause an absence of a major portion of the _______, ______ and _______ Recommended that pregnant women consume ____µg of synthetic folate + Anemia can result from _______ deficiency since: List the groups of people at risk for folate deficiency: -Differentiate between megaloblastic and pernicious anemia:

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may lead to vitamin ____ deficiency. Describe:

_

Humans are one of a few animal species that cannot synthesize _________ __ Sources of Vitamin C: RDA of vitamin C for women: What is the function of Vitamin C?

A deficiency in vitamin C occurs when intake is less than __mg/day, this results in ________ Why is vitamin C non-toxic?

How are fat soluble vitamins transported? Where can these vitamins be stored? Are these vitamins easily excreted? Deficiencies of vitamin __ and vitamin __ are common in developing places Vitamins

K

Sources

Functions

Deficiencies

Toxicity

Differentiate between preformed Vitamin A and Provitamin A:

What two things can affect the amount of vitamin A absorbed? In the small intestine, ______ + __________ + _____ ______ à micelles to help diffusion into mucosal cells Once absorbed, preformed vitamin A and carotenoids are transported from the intestine in ____________ where they are delivered in _______ _____, _____ _______, ________, ___ ____, ________, and _________

Retinol-Fatty Acid (animal)

Beta-carotene (plants)

A deficiency in vitamin A can be caused by a lack of intake of Which vitamin is also expressed as international units and what is the conversion used between IU and µg? Differentiate between Vitamin D2 and Vitmain D3:

Low active vitamin D stimulates _________ absorption from the intestine High active levels of vitamin D act with _____________ ______ at the bone to _________ bone breakdown and at the _______ to increase calcium _________ When blood calcium levels drop, parathyroid gland secretes PTH to stimulate _______ ___________ from bones and the kidneys reduce ________ ___________, in addition, vitamin D production __________ to stimulate _________ and ___________ absorption to bring blood calcium levels back to normal Vitamin E is also known as _________ What is the form of Vitamin E that is absorbed and meets requirements for the body? Once this form of vitamin E is absorbed, i transported to the liver and incorporated into _____ and delivered to cells What is hemolytic anemia? What are phytochemicals? Give some examples of important ones

s

What are functional foods?

Give a few examples and explain their components and potential benefits:

What are the 4 recommendations on how to choose a phytochemical rich diet? What is resveratrol? What are the claims associated with this phytochemical?

What is the one sure-fire way to improve quality and quantity of life?

Unit 8 – Water and Electrolytes What are the principle electrolytes?

What is essential to ensure correct volume of water inside and outside cells? Water is ___% of total body weight of an adult _/_ of water is intracellular which has a (circle) high/low concertation of protein, high/low sodium, and high/low potassium _/_ of water in extracellular and has high/low concentration of protein, high/low concentration of sodium and chloride, and high/low concentrations of potassium Water is found ________, such as in the ______, _____ _______, and makes up a portion of the extracellular fluid located in spaces between cells of body tissues What are the six key functions of water? What percent of intake is from beverages? Water _________ blood volume and blood pressure and enters interstitial space and _______ osmotic pressure in this space, allowing it to ______ cells Thirst is signalled by high/low blood volume and high/low dissolved substances in the blood What groups of people is the thirst sensation not reliable in and why?

Water output consists of: 1-2L _______ 0.2L _______ 1L _________ ______ Water output is largely controlled by:

____________ ________ responds to high/low blood volume and high/low solute concentration and signals the kidney to _________ the amount of water ___________ into the blood and ______ water is lost in the urine When solute concentration is low, ADH __________ so less water is reabsorbed and more is excreted DRI of water for men: DRI of water for women DRI’s for water vary based on: A low kcal diet increases/decreases water needs to excrete ketones and urea A high sodium diet increases/decreases water output A high fibre diet increases/decreases water needs to allow elimination Alcohol and coffee are _________ so they speed up/slow down elimination of fluids, resulting in dehydration Out of the electrolytes, the cations are _______ and __________ while the anion is ________ A AI for potassium: AI for chloride: UL for sodium: UL for potassium: UL for chlorine: Sodium Lower limit is ____mg/day The upper limit is based on: Functions: Potassium AI is based on: Sources: Functions: Chloride NaCl is __% chloride Functions: What is hypertension and what are its major risks:

Briefly describe the sodium reduction strategy:

Briefly describe the DASH diet:

Unit 9 – Minerals List the minerals that contribute to the following functions: Bone Health: Cellular Metabolism: Fluid Balance: Growth and Development: Antioxidant Reduction: Nerve Transmission: Blood Formation and Clotting: The essential minerals are traditionally classified into two groups: Name the major minerals: Name the trace minerals: How do we obtain minerals?

Minerals are particularly high in ______ ________, _____ and __________, and ______ __________ Which two processes help to ensure we are getting enough minerals The bioavailability of minerals is affected by, and explain if necessary: What are some rich sources of calcium? What is peak bone mass and why is it important to reach?

What are oxalates and what are their effects in calcium absorption? Older adults need _______mg/day of calcium whereas younger adults need ______mg/day What is the most popular supplement of calcium and what are some things those that take these supplements should keep in mind?

________ is the most plentiful mineral in the body, ___% of it is found in solid mineral deposits in the bones and teeth and __% of it is found in intracellular fluid, blood, extracellular fluid in order to:

One must have sufficient _______ __ to absorb calcium, why?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) in blood calcium levels: Calcitonin in blood calcium levels: What is the cortical and trabecular of the bone?

What do osteoclasts and osteoblasts do? What happens to our bones as we age? What is osteoporosis and what can be done to reduce the risks of osteoperosis?

____________ is more readily absorbed than calcium and ___% is found in bones and teeth Deficiencies: ____________ is essential for bone structure and is an important cofactor for over 300 enzymes Deficiencies:

Fill in the blanks and describe the effects the two hormones have and how they affect calcium levels and reabsorption

How are trace minerals studied? Mineral

Copper

Manganese

Selenium

Sources

RDA

Functions

Deficiency

Toxicity

Iodine

Chromium

Fluoride

Iron

Molybdenum

Who is considered at risk for iron deficiency? Who is considered at risk for zinc deficiency? Who is considered at risk for copper deficiency? Who is considered at risk for selenium deficiency? Who is considered at risk for iodine deficiency? Who is considered at risk for chromium deficiency? Who is considered at risk for fluoride deficiency? Which of the above has the most common deficiencies world-wide? Hemoglobin: Myoglobin: Differentiate between heme and nonheme sources: How to enhance nonheme iron absorption: How nonheme iron absorption is hindered: ________ ____ helps convert nonheme ferric form ( ) to ferrous form ( ), which form is more soluble and is absorbed into mucosal cells more readily?

____/_______ __ keeps it in ferrous form ( ) _______ is the iron storage protein: Under normal conditions, __________, the iron-transport protein in the blood, picks up iron from the ________ ____ once converted back to ferric form ( ) ____________ is a copper-containing protein in mucosal membranes that transforms ___ to ___ How does iron deficiency begin? Define Pica:

What is iron overload and what does it result in?

Zinc has both animal and plant sources, which is more efficiently absorbed and why?

Zinc is needed for enzymes that function in _____ __________ and ______________ metabolism When zinc levels are low, zinc that enters the _______________ can be ___________ and __________ When zinc levels are high, _____ is reabsorbed and _____ is eliminated in the feces What is acrodermatitis? Copper is known to prevent _______ Once copper is absorbed, it binds to ________, which is a protein in blood, and travels to the ______ where is binds to _____________ A deficiency in copper can lead to _____ ___________ ______ Most ________ comes from iodized salt and is required for the production of thyroid hormones __________ ( ) and _______________ ( ) T__ is converted to T__ by a selenium-containing enzyme ________ __________ ________ is released by the anterior pituitary when thyroid levels are _____ which signals thyroid to make up _______ and ___________ thyroid hormones Goiter: Cretinism: Goitrogens:

Unit 10 – Lifespan and Nutritional Needs Name and describe some factors that increase pregnancy risk:

Fill in the chart in regards to nutrition during pregnancy E gy Needs

Carbohydrates Fat Calcium Vitamin Vitamin

What are health Canada’s 6 key recommendations for a healthy pregnancy: Few days after childbirth, breasts produce ________ which is secreted during the first days after delivery and is rich in ________ and _________ _______ which helps to protect the newborn from disease Oxytocin: Prolactin:

Most children consume more ___________ ___, _________, and _________ and less ________ and ________ than is recommended Fill in the chart in regards to nutrition during infancy and adolescents Energy Needs Protein Carbohydrates Fat Calcium Vitamin D Iron

Fill in the chart in regards to nutrition during older age Energy Needs Protein Carbohydrates/ Fibre Fat Water B Vitamins

What factors increase the risk of malnutrition in older adults?...