Final Exam SP2012 KEY PDF

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Final Exam – BIOL310 – Spring 2012 Turn in just your scantron sheet today. You may keep the hard copy of your exam. I will post a key to this exam by this afternoon on Blackboard so that you may check your answers. Good luck!

LECTURES 17-26 1. Animals most likely arose from colonial flagellated protists as a result of division of labor among their aggregrated cells. Among extant animals, the ________bear the strongest similarity to the most recent common ancestor of animals. a. Cnidaria b. Diploblastic animals c. Eumetazoa c. Placozoans e. Sponges 2. Which of the following traits is NOT shared by all animals? a. specific types of cell-cell junctions b. a common set of extracellular matrix molecules c. a complete gut d. similarities in their small subunit ribosomal RNAs e. similarities in their Hox genes 3. Which of the following characteristics in NOT associated with the cnidarians? a. alternation of polyp and medusae development stages b. three distinct body layers c. nematocysts d. gastrovascular cavity e. planula larva 4. The body cavity of coelomate animals develops within the a. ectoderm b. endoderm c. mesoderm d. mesoglea e. pseudocoel 5. Bilaterally symmetrical animals can be divided into two major groups that divided during the Cambrian. These lineages differ fundamentally in their a. mode of reproduction b. early embryological development

c. mode of obtaining energy d. environmental requirements e. metabolism 6. The placozoans are considered to be the sister group of which of the following taxa? a. Bilaterians b. Cnidarians c. Ctenophorans d. Eumetazoa e. Sponges 7. Among the _______, the mouth arises from the first blastopore, an embryonic feature that is a synapomorphy of the group. a. Deuterostomes b. Protostomes 8. Platyhelminth species are often parasitic. Which of the following traits is adaptive for this lifestyle? a. large size b. a highly branched gastrovascular cavity. c. a oxygen transport system d. exchange of gases and absorption nutrients through the body surface e. none of the above 9. Which of the following groups includes animals with segmented coeloms? a. annelids b. bryozoans c. flatworms d. mollusks e. nematodes 10. Which of the following groups is hermaphroditic? a. Polychaetes b. Oligochaetes c. squids d. gastropods e. all of the above 11. Which of the following associations does NOT apply to metameric body plans?

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a. associated with a diversity of novel feeding, locomotory or sensing organs. b. associated with hydrostatic skeletons only. c. associated with greater precision in locomotion. d. associated often with functional redundancy of body parts. e. associated with Hox gene expression. 12. Which body part in a mollusk secretes the shell? a. mantle b. foot c. visceral mass d. radula e. spicules 13. The free-living aquatic larval stage of bivalves, such as the zebra mussel, or of any other member of its larger protostome lineage is termed a: a. trochophore b. pupa c. instar d. lophophore e. proglottid 14. The evolution of the chitinous exoskeleton affected many aspects of arthropod evolution. The aspect that was least affected was the a. division of labor among the body parts b. mode of locomotion c. pattern of growth d. system of gas exchange e. mode of digestion 15. The centipedes and millipedes belong to which group? a. hexapods b. arachnids c. myriapods d. annelids e. chelicerates 16. The _____ have bodies that are divided into two parts: a head region that bears two pairs of appendages modified to form mouthparts, and a trunk region with typically four pairs of walking legs. a. chelicerates b. crustaceans

c. hexapods d. nematodes e. myriapods 17. Which of the statements concerning the tracheal system in insects is FALSE? a. they are airs sacs and tublular channels b. they penetrate virtually every part of an insects’s body c. they extend through a single tube to an insect’s mouth d. they provide oxygen to the insects’ tissues. e. they extend from external openings inward to tissues throughout the body. 18. Which of the following statements concerning holometabolous development is FALSE? a. the lifecycle is divided among morphologically different growth stages. b. the strategy allows a single species to occupy different ecological niches during its lifecycle. c. the majority of insect species have this type of development. d. the lifecycle is divided among morphologically identical growth stages. e. the strategy may be one of the reasons insects are the most diverse animal group. 19. The diversification of insects about 450 million years ago corresponds with a. the appearance of the first land plants b. the evolution of cartilaginous fish c. the extinction of dinosaurs d. changes in the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere. e. none of the above. 20. Which of the following did NOT occur in both protostomes and deuterostomes? a. evolution of structures for filtering food from water b. evolution of wormlike burrowing forms c. evolution of adaptations needed for invasion of the land d. evolution of large (> 2 m) terrestrial species e. evolution of jointed appendages for improved locomotion

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21. The chordates a. all have a backbone b. include some animals without a central nervous system c. pass through a developmental stage with pharyngeal slits d. are poorly represented in the fossil record e. are all filter feeders

b. chondrichthyans have a cartilaginous skeleton, whereas ray-finned fishes have a bony skeleton c. only ray-finned fishes have paired fins d. chondrichthyans evolved in fresh water, whereas ray-finned fishes evolved in salt water. e. only chondrichthyans have true jaws.

22. Which of the following is NOT a unique characteristic of the vertebrate body plan? a. a rigid internal skeleton b. two pairs of appendages c. a notochord d. an anterior skull with a brain e. a dorsal vertebral column

27. Which of the following was an adaptation in sarcopterygians that was instrumental in the transition to life on land and therefore important in the evolution of the amphibians. a. primitive lungs b. jointed fins with strong muscular support c. watertight skin d. binocular vision e. an aminote egg

23. The important innovation that evolved from the gill arches of jawless fishes and is retained by chondrichthyans, ray-finned fishes, coelocanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods is a. heavily armored skin b. the jaw c. fins d. the ability to swim e. the vertebral column 24. Bone tissue consists of _____ cells in a matrix of ______. a. osteocyte, polysaccharide b. osteocyte, collagen and calcium phosphate c. osteocyte, myosin and actin d. collagen, calcium phosphate e. collagen, polysaccharide 25. Echinoderms have number of unique features that distinguish them from chordates. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. presence of bilateral symmetry during lifecycle b. tube feet c. water vascular system d. lack of cranium e. an endoskeleton of calcareous plates 26. Which of the following is a major difference between the chondrichthyans and the rayfinned fishes? a. only chondrichthyans have a lung or swim bladder

28. During the ________, fish-like amphibians adapted to the constraints of living on land with a variety of morphological innovations. However, one useful morphological trait, ________, was already present in ancestral fish and only needed to be modified slightly by their land-dwelling descendents. a. Cenozoic, articulating neck b. Mesozoic, gut-supporting ribs c. Mesozoic, snapping jaws d. Paleozoic, articulating neck e. Paleozoic, lung-like air sacs 29. You are in a tropical forest and find an organism that has bony vertebrae, no legs, lays eggs in moist patches, and uses its skin, in part, for gas exchange. You have found a(n): a. anuran b. caecilian c. salamander d. snake e. lizard 30. A freshwater fish tends to ________ water because its body fluids have ______ osmolarity than fresh water has. a. gain, a greater b. gain, a lower c. lose, a lower d. lose, a greater e. gain, the same

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31. Terrestrial organisms must conserve water. The least amount of water is lost with which nitrogenous waste product? a. carbon dioxide b. uric acid c. ammonia d. salt e. urea 32. The process of filtration from the capillaries to the glomerulus of the vertebrate nephron is driven by: a. active transport b. osmosis c. secretion d. venous blood pressure e. arterial blood pressure 33. The amniote lineage includes the diapsid and synapsids. What feature or trait separates them? a. the number of cranial fenestra b. the number of extraembryonic membranes c. quadrupedal versus bipedal locomotion d. parental care of young e. endothermy versus ectothermy 34. The divergence of birds from theropod dinosaurs and the evolution of the three major extant groups of mammals occurred during the: a. Holocene b. Miocene c. early Cenozoic d. Mesozoic e. Paleozoic 35. Which of the following attributes of birds is LEAST likely to have contributed to their becoming the second most diverse lineage of vertebrates? a. occupation of aerial habitat b. beaks modified for specialized diets c. extended parental care of altricial young d. elaborate courtship rituals e. uric acid excretion 36. During development, the ventral/dorsal axis of vertebrates is established at the ____ stage, whereas the anterior/posterior axis of vertebrates is established at the ____ stage. a. neurulation, zygote

b. zygote, gastrula c. zygote, blastula d. blastula, gastrula e. gastrula, segmentation 37. Which of the following statements about Hox genes is FALSE? a. they are part of the so-called genetic toolkit b. they are expressed in similar patterns in the embryos of mice and flies c. they are arranged in similar clusters of gene is both mice and flies d. because of their important functional roles, their DNA sequences have changed greatly between mice and flies. e. Shubin wrote about them in Your Inner Fish. 38. Within the Diptera, the haltere develops as a consequence of a. heterochrony b. apoptosis c. expression of a Hox gene typically only present in abdominal segments d. a gene deletion e. cell-cell induction 39. The diversity of vertebrate limbs (e.g. wings, hooves, flippers) develop using the following processes, EXCEPT a. modifications of a pentadactyl limb b. apoptosis c. heterochrony d. cell-cell induction e. divergence from the “4,5,3,2,1” order of appearance for digits. 40. Gas exchange in animals always involves a. cellular respiration b. breathing movements c. neural control d. diffusion between internal body fluids and the outside medium. e. active transport of gases 41. Each molecule of hemoglobin, when fully saturated, carries ___ molecule(s) of oxygen. a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 16 e. >100

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42. Which of the following would increase the amount of oxygen diffusing from the lungs into the blood? a. an increase in the binding rate of O2 to hemoglobin b. a decrease in the partial pressure of O2 in the lungs c. an increase in the partial pressure of O2 in the blood d. a decrease in the red blood cell count e. an increase in the water vapor of air in the lungs 43. Most of the CO2 in the blood is transported as ____, and it is located mainly in the _____. a. CO2, plasma b. H2O3, plasma c. HCO3-, plasma d. carboxylhemoglobin, erythrocytes e. HCO3-, erythrocytes 44. Which of the following component is NOT part of blood plasma? a. nutrient molecules b. water c. respiratory gases d. hormones e. platelets 45. In an open circulatory system, a. there is no heart b. there is no gastrovascular cavity c. there are no blood vessels d. blood flows out of the body e. there is no distinction between blood and tissue fluid. 46. In vertebrates, exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluids occurs in the: a. arteries b. capillaries c. lungs d. veins e. venules 47. Blood pressure is ____ than osmotic pressure at the arterial end of a capillary bed, which is where the process of _____ occurs. a. greater, reabsorption b. greater, filtration

c. lesser, reabsorption d. lesser, filtration e. lesser, edema 48. In the evolution of the vertebrate circulatory system, a transitional step led to separate pulmonary and systemic circuits. This step can be observed in: a. lungfish b. an extinct ostracoderm c. birds d. amphibians e. reptiles 49. In the cardiac cycle, blood pressure is at its maximum when the ______ are ________ during _________. a. atria, contracting, systole b. atria, contracting, diastole c. ventricles, contracting, systole d. ventricles, relaxing, systole e. ventricles, relaxing, diastole 50. The left ventricle in humans is more muscular than the right ventricle because: a. resistance is higher in the systemic circuit b. resistance is higher in the pulmonary circuit c. it pumps more total blood d. it pumps more viscous blood e. none of the above. 51. What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction? a. it stores Ca2+ ions for release during contraction b. it surrounds and protects the muscle filaments c. it provides site of ATP synthesis d. it depolarizes when stimulated by an impulse e. it synthesizes actin and myosin filaments 52. Which statement about vitamins is FALSE? a. vitamins, like essential amino acids and fatty acids, are organic molecules b. most vertebrates require the same vitamins c. vitamins function mostly as or as parts of coenzymes d. vitamins are required in typically small amounts e. humans require more water-soluble vitamins than fat-soluble vitamins.

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53. Which layer of the vertebrate gut shows adaptations for increasing absorptive surface area? a. lumen b. mucosa c. submucosa d. serosa e. peritoneum 54. Which of the following is NOT caused by the HCl secreted by the stomach? a. activation of principal zymogen of stomach b. proper pH for the digestive enzyme of the stomach c. breakdown of ingested tissues d. formation of chylomicrons e. death of ingested bacteria 55. The gut microflora of vertebrates is predominantly located in ______, and contribute to the caloric intake for the host by breaking down indigestible _______. a. duodenum, polysaccharides b. stomach, acids c. stomach, polysaccharides d. ileum and colon, polysaccharides e. ileum and colon, lipids 56. The acidic chyme in the small intestine is neutralized by a. bicarbonate from the pancreas b. buffers from the jejunum c. bile from the liver d. trypsin activation e. a variety of zymogens 57. A mammal with a diet of grain and leaves would be expected to have which kind of teeth? a. prominent canine teeth and small molars b. homodont dentition c. prominent molars and small canines d. a balanced set of incisors, molars and canines e. prominent canine teeth and small incisors. 58. The three-boned mammalian ear derives from what structures? a. malleus & incus from the 1st gill arch/lower jaw; stapes from 2nd gill arch/upper jaw.

b. malleus & incus from the 2nd gill arch/upper jaw; stapes from 1st gill arch/lower jaw. c. malleus & incus from the jaw bones; stapes from the cranium. d. malleus & incus from the cranium, stapes from the upper jaw bone. e. none of the above. 59. Some of the morphological innovations of mammals are synergistic in their effects. For example, what trait of mammals is optimized by their improved methods of obtaining nutrition? a. their production of hair b. their highly sensitive three-boned ears c. their ability to be endothermic d. their dual-pressure, four-chamber hearts e. their ability to sweat 60. Which group of living eutherians have the most species? a. Rodentia (rodents) b. Lagomorpha (rabbits) c. Pilosa (sloths) d. Carnivora (carnivores) e. Cetaceans (whales) 61. Early in its evolutionary history, the primate lineage split into two main branches, the _____ and the ______. a. australopithecines, Homo species b. ardipithecines, australopithecines c. prosimians, monkeys d. prosimians, anthropoids e. humans, apes 62. The brain of Homo sapiens reached its modern size approximately _____ years ago. a. 12,000 b. 120,000 c. 1.2 million d. 12 million e. 21 million LECTURES 1-16

63. The “metabolism first” theory proposes that evolution first took place a. in RNA, which acted as both genetic material and a catalyst

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b. as chemical reactions that resulted in monomers c. in lipids d. in the trace elements e. in proteins

c. identical initiator tRNA (methionine) d. presence of membrane-bound organelles e. close sequence similarity of some nuclear genes

64. A prerequisite for the survival of life on land was the accumulation of a. O2 in the atmosphere b. CO2 in the atmosphere c. water vapor in the atmosphere d. O3 in the atmosphere e. bacteria in the soil. 65. Among the diverse metabolic pathways of all life, which common and fundamental metabolic process is the basis for theory regarding how early carbon skeletons might have been assembled? a. photosynthesis b. respiration c. formation of reactive oxygen species d. the reversible citric acid cycle e. oxidative phosphorylation 66. The alkaline hydrothermal vents of the ancient oceans are claimed to have been a possible site for the transition of geochemical reactions to biochemical reactions for all the following reasons EXCEPT: a. highly porous serpentine minerals of vents created small, cell-like reaction chambers. b. presence of reactive metal ions in vents may have facilitated catalysis c. acidic oceans and alkaline vent interior provided a proton gradient that could be harnessed to power biochemical reactions d. high temperatures of alkaline vents drive more chemical reactions than those of the cooler “black smoker” hydrothermal vents. e. the physical structures of alkaline vents are more stable over time than those of “black smokers” and would be more likely to support new life. 67. The close relationship of Archaea to Eukarya is supported by the following traits EXCEPT: a. the lack of true peptidoglycan in cells walls b. similar sensitivity to antibiotics and toxins by their ribosomes

68. Antibiotics that interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis ultimately kill bacteria by: a. making them prone to endocytosis by white blood cells b. interfering with binary fission (i.e. reproduction) c. interfering with absorption of nutrients d. eliminating the ability of the membrane to display protein receptors e. interfering with the ability of the cell to counteract the pressure of incoming water. 69. The origin of the eukaryotic cell occurred approximately ____ years ago. a. 3.8 billion b. 1.8 billion c. 800 million d. 541 million e. 180 million 70. Eukaryotic cells are dimensionally larger and more massive than bacterial cells. What unique feature of eukaryotes likely permits this trait? a. no cell wall b. a nuclear envelope c. more massive ribsomes d. having power supply located interior to the cell, as opposed to being bound on the external membrane. e. the presence of chloroplasts in some lineages. 71. Which of the following represents a synapomorphy of the stramenopiles? a. the presence of peptidoglycan between membranes of important organelles b. rows of tubular hairs on the longer of two unequal flagella c. air sacs below the plasma membrane d. a fully parasitic lifecycle e. external shells of calcium carbonate 72. Some oomycetes are coenocytes, which means that they

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a. they have a single nucleus enclosed in a single plasma membrane b. their cytoplasm is pigmented c. they have multiple nuclei enclosed in a single plasma membrane d. their reproductive cells have no flagella e. they have multiple flagella on their nonreproductive cells.

e. a trait particular to animals only involving germ-cell sequestration.

73. Which geological/geochemical event is correlated with the appearance of multicellular life? a. Proterozoic glaciations b. global volcanic eruption c. disappearance of the ozone layer d. run away greenhouse effect e. establishment of terrestrial soil 74. The rate of diffusion of any gas can be increased by a. decreasing the molecular diffusion coefficient b. decreasing the temperature c. shortening the path length d. increasing the path length e. decreasing ...