Final Review for chapter c PDF

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biology 20 preparation for final exam. Unit c...

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Biology 20 – Review Package Unit C – Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Vocabulary (know these terms) photosynthesis enzyme coenzymes phosphorylation glycolysis

cellular respiration substrate feedback inhibition electron transport system anaerobic respiration

activation energy active site oxidation chlorophyll

catalysts cofactors reduction chloroplasts

Questions 1. What is the lock-and-key theory concerning proteins? 2. What is the difference between an exergonic and endergonic reaction? Which of these is photosynthesis? Cellular respiration? 3. What is the purpose of a catalyst? How does it achieve its intended result? What is an example of a “natural” catalyst? 4. What is the difference between a cofactor and a coenzyme? 5. Give an example of feedback inhibition within your body. Why is feedback inhibition so important? 6. What is the difference between allosteric activity and precursor activity? 7. List and explain four factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions. 8. Which has more energy, ADP or ATP? Why? 9. Why is reduction so important in cellular reactions? 10. What molecules in photosynthesis/cellular respiration undergo oxidation? Reduction? 11. What are photosystems? How are they involved in electron transport systems in photosynthesis? 12. Describe the Calvin-Benson Cycle. Be sure you know the molecules involved! Review figure 7.31 and 7.32 on p.194-5 to help you. 13. Which events of photosynthesis happen in the dark reaction? Which events happen in the light reaction? 14. Describe anaerobic glycolysis. Be sure you know the molecules involved! Use figure 7.35 on p. 199 to help you. 15. How are the products from glycolysis used in the rest of cellular respiration? 16. What is a cytochrome enzyme system? 17. Describe the Krebs Cycle. Be sure to know the molecules involved. Use figure 7.40 on p. 202 to help you. 18. How many ATP molecules are produced in one complete cycle of cellular respiration? How many are produced at each stage?

Unit D – Biochemistry Vocabulary monosaccharide dehydration synthesis polypeptides nucleotides

disaccharide triglyceride peptide bond lipoprotein

polysaccharide phospholipids denaturation DNA

polymers protein coagulation RNA

Questions 1. What are the building blocks of carbohydrates? Lipids? Proteins? Nucleic acids? 2. What is an isomer? Give an example of two molecules that are isomers. 3. What two molecules make up sucrose? Maltose? Lactose? What are these larger sugars called? What are their sub-units called? 4. What molecule is used for plant energy storage? Animal energy storage? 5. Why can other animals eat plant cell walls but humans should not? 6. What tests can be performed to identify the presence of carbohydrates? What does each test specifically identify? 7. What are the three types of lipids? 8. What makes up a triglyceride molecule? 9. State the function of HDL’s and LDL’s. 10. What tests can be performed to identify the presence of lipids? What does each test specifically identify? 11. What are the four types of protein? What is the difference between each type? 12. What are the main atom groups that are unique to amino acids? 13. What tests can be performed to identify the presence of proteins? What does each test specifically identify? 14. Describe the difference between coagulation and denaturation. How might each occur? 15. What is the difference between DNA and RNA? 16. What molecules make up nucleotides? What is the difference between the nitrogen bases in DNA and those in RNA?

Unit A – Matter Cycles and Energy Vocabulary biosphere troposphere magnetosphere nitrogen cycle greenhouse effect autotroph decomposer

atmosphere stratosphere albedo carbon cycle denitrifying bacteria heterotroph herbivore

lithosphere mesosphere chemosynthesis phosphorous cycle nitrogen fixation producer omnivore

hydrosphere ionosphere water cycle transpiration nitrogen-fixing bacteria consumer carnivore

community Vocabulary (cont.)

population

food chain/web

trophic level

pyramid of numbers pyramid of energy pyramid of biomass first law of thermodynamics monoculture biological amplification second law of thermodynamics Questions 1. Describe the difference of how matter and energy are used in an ecosystem. Be specific! 2. List the order of the zones of the atmosphere, from earth’s surface upward. Include any important facts about each zone that exist. 3. How are the seasons created? 4. What area on earth would have the highest albedo? What does that mean for the temperatures in this region? 5. Describe the water cycle. How do plants and animals each contribute to the water cycle? 6. How is acid rain formed? What role does acid rain have in the water cycle? How can humans try and combat acid rain? 7. Describe the carbon cycle. How do plants and animals contribute to the carbon cycle? What role do oceans play? What are fossil fuels, how are they created, and what role do they play? 8. Describe the nitrogen cycle. What is denitrification? Ammonification (see p. 38)? Nitrification? 9. How do anaerobic conditions contribute to the death of a lawn? What can be done to prevent this? 10. Describe the phosphorous cycle. What are the two paths of phosphorous? What similarities do they share? What differences are there? 11. How do energy, biomass, and population of an ecosystem change as you change trophic levels? 12. How is it possible for producers and consumers to survive in the depths of the oceans? 13. What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? 14. Describe the first and second laws of thermodynamics and give an example of how they apply in an ecosystem. (no light bulb examples!) 15. In what ways do humans interfere with ecological pyramids?

Unit B – Aquatic/Snow Ecosystems and Evolution Vocabulary biome estuary brackish succession eutrophication benthos littoral zone limnetic zone profundal zone eutrophic lake climax vegetation oligotrophic lake epilimnion hypolimnion thermocline physiological adaptation behavioural adaptation chionophore chionophobe chionophile counter-current exchange evolution fossils embryology homologous structures analogous structures biogeography convergent evolution natural selection

Questions 1. Describe the different biomes of Canada. Include their location and an example of biotic and abiotic factors. 2. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? Give an example of each. 3. What are three differences between an oligotrophic lake and a eutrophic lake? 4. What effect would the leaching of fertilizer cause when it reached a lake or pond? Why? 5. Describe the different zones located in a lake. What zone do you think would have the most life? Which would have the least? Does it depend on the season? 6. Describe the seasonal changes that occur in a lake. Be sure to include the thermal layers present in each season. What season(s) do not support the increase of life within a lake? Why? 7. Give an example of an anatomical, physiological, and behavioural adaptation. What is the difference between each? Are they all passed on from generation to generation or are they learned/acquired? (see p. 110 for help!) 8. Describe the difference between chionophiles, chionophores, and chionophobes. Give an example of each. 9. What direct evidence is there of evolution? Why is it considered direct evidence? 10. What types of indirect evidence of evolution exist? Give an example of each. 11. What is meant by the phrase “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”? 12. How did the continental drift contribute to evolution? 13. How did Lamarck’s ideas answer the question of evolution? Were they accepted? Why or why not? Are any parts of his ideas accepted now? 14. What animals did Darwin use to help him develop his theory of evolution? Why do you think he chose these animals? 15. What are the main ideas of Darwin’s theory of evolution?...