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Final test (SB) https://wps.pearsoned.co.uk/ema_uk_he_dancey_statsmath_6/246/63206/16180933.cw/index.html

Final test (SB) 28.

Which of the following statements is correct?

A. A parameter is a measure that is calculated from a sample. B. Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data. C. For day-to-day business data analysis, most firms rely on a large staff of expert statisticians. D. A statistical test result that is significant also has practical importance. Check definitions (parameter, sample, statistics, pitfalls) and uses of statistics.

Final test (SB)

29.

Which is least likely to be an application where statistics will be useful?

A. Predicting whether an airfare is likely to rise or fall B. Designing the most desirable features for a ski pass C. Deciding whether offering Rice Krispies improves restaurant sales D. Choosing the wording of a corporate policy prohibiting smoking Policy wording is probably up to writers.

Final test (SB)

30.

Because 25 percent of the students in my morning statistics class watch eight or more hours of television a week, I conclude that 25 percent of all students at the university watch eight or more hours of television a week. The most important logical weakness of this conclusion would be:

A. relying on any sample instead of surveying every student. B. using a sample that may not be representative of all students. C. failing to correct for unconscious interviewer bias. D. assuming cause and effect where none exists. Generalizing from a nonrandom sample is risky.

Final test (SB)

31.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an ideal statistician?

A. Technically current (e.g., software) B. Communicates well (both written and oral) C. Advocates client's objectives D. Can deal with imperfect information There is an unattractive name for a consultant who always agrees with the client.

Final test (SB)

32.

Which of the following statements is not true?

A. Statistics helps refine theories through ongoing hypothesis testing. B. Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data. C. Estimating parameters is an important aspect of descriptive statistics. D. Statistical challenges include imperfect data and practical constraints. Estimating a population parameter is an inference.

Final test (SB)

33.

Which is not a practical constraint facing the business researcher or data analyst?

A. Time and money are always limited. B. The world is no laboratory, so some experiments are impractical. C. Research on human subjects is fraught with danger and ethical issues. D. Survey respondents usually will tell the truth if well compensated. Paid respondents may try to tell you what you want to hear.

Final test (SB)

34.

Which is not an essential characteristic of a good business data analyst?

A. Effective writer B. Stays current on techniques C. Has a Ph.D. or master's degree in statistics D. Can deal with imperfect information No advanced degree is needed for basic statistics, which is why all business students study it.

Final test (SB)

35.

An ethical statistical consultant would not always:

A. follow accepted statistical procedures. B. support management's desired conclusions. C. acknowledge sources of financial support. D. report limitations of the data. There is a nasty name for a consultant who always agrees with management.

Final test (SB)

36.

The NASA experiences with the Challenger and Columbia disasters suggest that:

A. statistics is not applicable to space endeavors. B. limited data may still contain important clues. C. good engineers can eliminate risks in space flight. D. space flight is only slightly more risky than commercial air travel. When small samples are all that we have, we must study them carefully.

Final test (SB)

37.

Which is not a goal of the ethical data analyst?

A. To be an honest broker of data B. To learn to downplay inconvenient data C. To understand the firm's code of ethics (or help create one) D. To look for hidden agendas in data collection We do not ignore data unless it is an actual error.

Final test (SB)

38.

Which of the following statements is not true?

A. A statistic is a single measure (usually numerical) that is calculated from a sample. B. Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data. C. For day-to-day business data analysis, most firms rely on a large staff of expert statisticians. D. A statistical test may be significant yet have no practical importance. Few firms have staffs of statistics experts, so all of us need to know the basics.

39.

"Smoking is not harmful. My Aunt Harriet smoked, but lived to age 90." This best illustrates which fallacy?

A. Unconscious bias B. Significance versus practical importance C. Post hoc reasoning D. Small sample generalization Individual cases sometimes violate causation.

Final test (SB)

40.

Which best illustrates the distinction between statistical significance and practical importance?

A. "In 2006, 240 out of 400 statistics students at Oxnard Technical College sold their textbooks at the end of the semester, compared with 220 out of 330 students in 2005, a significant decrease." B. "Our new manufacturing technique has increased the life of the 80 GB USB AsimoDrive external hard disk significantly, from 240,000 hours to 250,000 hours." C. "In 50,000 births, the new vaccine reduced the incidence of infant mortality in Morrovia significantly from 14.2 deaths per 1000 births to 10.3 deaths per 1000 births." D. "The new Sky Penetrator IV business jet's cruising range has increased significantly from 3,975 miles to 4,000 miles." Consumers would not notice because 240,000 hours is 27 years.

Final test (SB)

41.

"Circulation fell in the month after the new editor took over the newspaper Oxnard News Herald. The new editor should be fired." Which is not a serious fallacy in this conclusion?

A. Generalizing from a small sample B. Applying post hoc reasoning C. Failing to identify causes D. Using a biased sample There is no real sample, just shaky logical inferences.

42.

An ethical data analyst would be least likely to:

A. check data for accuracy. B. cite his/her data sources and their limitations. C. acknowledge sources of financial support. D. rely on consultants for all calculations. When you farm out your calculations, you have lost control of your work.

43.

"Tom's SUV rolled over. SUVs are dangerous." This best illustrates which fallacy?

A. Unconscious bias B. Significance versus practical importance C. Post hoc reasoning D. Small sample generalization One instance proves little.

Final test (SB) 51.

Which variable is least likely to be regarded as ratio data?

A. Length of time required for a randomly chosen vehicle to cross a toll bridge (minutes) B. Weight of a randomly chosen student (pounds) C. Number of fatalities in a randomly chosen traffic disaster (persons) D. Student's evaluation of a professor's teaching (Likert scale) Likert scales have no true zero.

Final test (SB)

59.

Automobile exhaust emission of CO2 (milligrams per mile) is ____________ data.

A. nomin al B. ordin al C. interv al D. rati o True zero exists.

Final test (SB)

60.

Your rating of the food served at a local restaurant using a three-point scale of 0 = gross, 1 = decent, 2 = yummy is ___________ data.

A. nomin al B. ordin al C. interv al D. rati o Only rankings implied (not equal scale distances). 61.

The number of passengers "bumped" on a particular airline flight is ____________ data.

A. nomin al B. ordin al C. interv al D. rati o True zero exists (no passengers might be bumped).

Final test (SB)

62.

Which should not be regarded as a continuous random variable?

A. Tonnage carried by a randomly chosen oil tanker at sea B. Wind velocity at 7 o'clock this morning C. Number of personal fouls by the Miami Heat in a game D. Length of time to play a Wimbledon tennis match Counting things yields integer (discrete) data.

Final test (SB)

63.

Which of the following is not true?

A. Categorical data have values that are described by words rather than numbers. B. Categorical data are also referred to as nominal or qualitative data. C. The number of checks processed at a bank in a day is categorical data. D. Numerical data can be either discrete or continuous. The "number of" anything is a discrete numerical variable.

Final test (SB)

64.

Which of the following is true?

A. The type of charge card used by a customer (Visa, MasterCard, AmEx) is ordinal data. B. The duration (minutes) of a flight from Boston to Minneapolis is ratio data. C. The number of Nobel Prize-winning faculty at Oxnard University is continuous data. D. The number of regional warehouses owned by Jankord Industries is ordinal data. True zero exists (not observable, but as a reference point), so ratios have meaning.

Final test (SB)

65.

Which statement is correct?

A. Judgment sampling is preferred to systematic sampling. B. Sampling without replacement introduces bias in our estimates of parameters. C. Cluster sampling is useful when strata characteristics are unknown. D. Focus groups usually work best without a moderator. Review the characteristics of each sampling method.

Final test (SB)

68.

Which statement is false?

A. Random dialing phone surveys have low response and are poorly targeted. B. Selection bias means that many respondents dislike the interviewer. C. Simple random sampling requires a list of the population. D. Web surveys are economical but suffer from nonresponse bias. Selection bias occurs when respondents are atypical.

Final test (SB)

72.

Professor Hardtack chose a sample of 7 students from his statistics class of 35 students by picking every student who was wearing red that day. Which kind of sample is this?

A. Simple random sample B. Judgment sample C. Systematic sample D. Convenience sample Quick but may not be representative of all students.

Final test (SB)

39.

A column chart would be least suitable to display which data?

A. Annual compensation of 500 company CEOs B. U.S. exports to its six largest trading partners C. Exxon-Mobil's quarterly sales for the last four years D. One-year CD interest rates paid by the eight largest U.S. banks With 500 data values, a column chart would reveal little. Make a histogram instead.

Final test (SB)

40.

A line chart would not be suitable to display which data?

A. U.S. oil imports from OPEC nations for the last 20 years B. Annual compensation of the top 50 CEOs C. Exxon-Mobil's quarterly sales data for the last five years D. Daily stock market closing prices of Microsoft for the past month Line charts are for time series data (not cross-sectional data).

Final test (SB)

41.

Which is not a tip for effective column charts?

A. Time usually goes on the horizontal axis. B. Column height should be proportional to the quantity displayed. C. Label data values at the top of each column unless graphing lots of data. D. The nonzero origin rule may be waived for financial reports. Especially in financial reports, the zero origin rule is vital.

Final test (SB)

42.

Which is not a tip for effective line charts?

A. Line charts are better than bar charts to display crosssectional data. B. Numerical labels are omitted on a line chart if there are many data values. C. Omit data markers (e.g., squares, triangles) when there are many data values. D. Thick lines make it harder to see exact data values. Line charts are for numerical time series data.

Final test (SB)

43.

Which is a reason for using a log scale for time series data?

A. It helps compare growth in time series of dissimilar magnitude. B. General business audiences find it easier to interpret a log scale. C. On a log scale, equal distances represent equal dollar amounts. D. The axis labels are usually easier to read in log units. Changing magnitude may become a problem unless you use a log scale.

Final test (SB)

44.

Which is a not a characteristic of pie charts?

A. Pie charts can only convey a general idea of the data values. B. Pie charts are ineffective when they have too many slices. C. Exploded and 3-D pie charts will allow more "slices." D. Pie chart data always represent parts of a whole (e.g., market share). Pie charts with too many slices are hard to read whether 2D or 3D.

Final test (SB)

45.

Excel's pyramid charts:

A. are generally preferred to pie charts. B. should be avoided despite their visual appeal. C. are generally preferred to line charts. D. show trends more clearly than column charts. Avoid novelty charts in business presentations. They are fun but unclear.

Final test (SB)

46.

Which is not a reason why pie charts are popular in business?

A. They can convey a general idea of the data to a nontechnical audience. B. They can display major changes in parts of a whole (e.g., market share). C. They are more precise than line charts, despite their low visual impact. D. They can be labeled with data values to facilitate interpretation. Pie charts are attractive, but can be hard to read precisely.

Final test (SB)

47.

Which data would be suitable for a pie chart?

A. Whirlpool Corporation's sales revenue for the last five years B. Oxnard University student category (undergraduate, masters, doctoral) C. Average SAT scores for entering freshmen at 10 major U.S. universities D. U.S. toy imports from China over the past decade Pie charts are only for parts of a whole.

Final test (SB)

48.

Which data would be suitable for a pie chart?

A. Percent vote in the last election by party (Democrat, Republican, Other) B. Retail prices of six major brands of color laser printers C. Labor cost per vehicle for 10 major world automakers D. Prices paid by 10 students for their accounting textbooks Pie charts are only for parts of a whole.

Final test (SB)

49.

Which data would be suitable for a pie chart?

A. Average starting salary of MBA graduates from six ivy-league universities B. APR interest rates charged by the top five U.S. credit cards C. Last semester's average GPA for students in seven majors in a business school D. The number of U.S. primary care clinics by type (urban, suburban, rural) Pie charts are only for parts of a whole.

Final test (SB)

50.

Scatter plots are:

A. useful in visualizing trends over time. B. useful in identifying causal relationships. C. often fitted with a linear equation in Excel. D. applicable mainly to discrete data. Excel makes it easy to fit a trend.

Final test (SB)

51.

Which is not a characteristic of an effective summary table?

A. The main point should be clear within 10 seconds. B. Data to be compared should be displayed in rows, not columns. C. Data should be rounded to three or four significant digits. D. Use space instead of lines to separate columns. Research suggests that side-by-side comparisons are easier.

Final test (SB)

52.

Effective summary tables generally:

A. have very detailed column headings and footnotes. B. round their data to three or four significant digits. C. use plenty of heavy vertical lines to separate the columns. D. have the raw data listed in a footnote for clarity. Too much accuracy may make it harder to assess magnitudes (e.g., 5.01873 mm and 5.02016 mm both round to 5.02 mm).

Final test (SB)

56.

We would use a pivot table to:

A. cross-tabulate frequencies of occurrence of two variables. B. rotate the data around a central point. C. establish cause-and-effect between X and Y. D. display the data in a 3D scatter plot. A pivot table shows frequency counts (or sums or averages) in a row-column format.

Final test (SB)

57.

Which is not considered a deceptive graphical technique?

A. Nonzero origin B. Elastic graph proportions C. Dramatic title D. Axis demarcations Axis demarcations are helpful on graphs with numerical scales.

Final test (SB)

58.

Which is not considered a deceptive graphical technique?

A. Undefined units B. 2D graphs C. Authority figures D. Distracting pictures 2D graphs are generally acceptable.

Final test (SB)

59.

Which is the most serious deceptive graphical technique?

A. Vague source B. Using bold colors C. Nonzero origin D. Unlabeled data points A nonzero origin can distort relative size.

Final test (SB)

60.

Which is not a poor graphing technique?

A. Gratuitous pictures B. Labeled axis scales C. 3D bar charts D. Rotated axis Labeled axis scales are desirable for numerical data.

Final test (SB)

61.

Which of these deficiencies would be considered a major graphical deception?

A. Vague or unclear source B. Using more than one color or font C. Bar widths proportional to bar height D. Using a dramatic graph title The area trick occurs when bar width increases along with bar height.

Final test (SB)

62.

Which is not a characteristic of a log scale for time series data?

A. Log scales are useful when data change by an order of magnitude. B. The distance from 5 to 50 is the same as the distance from 50 to 500. C. On a log scale, equal distances represent equal ratios. D. Log scales are generally familiar to the average reader. Some readers lack training to understand a simple log scale. 45.

In a sample of 10,000 observations from a normal population, how many would you expect to lie beyond three standard deviations of the mean?

A. None of them B. About 27 C. About 100 D. About 127 Within μ ± 3σ we would expect 99.73 percent of 10,000, or 9,973 data values.

Final test (SB)

47.

Which is not true of an outlier?

A. It is likely to be from a different population. B. It suggests an error in recording the data. C. It is best discarded to get a better mean. D. It is an anomaly that may tell the researcher something. We are reluctant to delete outliers, as they may tell us something important.

Final test (SB)

48.

Estimating the mean from grouped data will tend to be most accurate when:

A. observations are distributed uniformly within classes. B. there are few classes with wide class limits. C. the sample is not very large and bins are wide. D. the standard deviation is large relative to the mean. Many bi...