Floyd Chapter 7 notes PDF

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Summary

Leigh Gilchrist...

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Listening - The active process of making meaning out of another person’s spoken message ○ Listening is an active process ○ It’s beyond simply hearing, it’s about the meaning behind what is said ○ “Effective listening involves listening with the conscious and explicit goal of understanding what the speaker is attempting to communicate” Hearing vs Listening - Hearing is the (passive) perception of sound All listeners DO NOT hear the same message - The way we interpret and add meaning to what we hear is influenced by our experiences, biases, gender, culture, etc Culture and Gender affect Listening Behavior ○ Americans say “time is money” - this causes them to be impatient in conversation and they simply want to get to the point ○ Koreans emphasize social harmony over efficiency and close attention to nonverbal behavior and context clues ○ Women pay more attention to forming connections (people-oriented) when listening ○ Men pay more attention to facts and context (content-oriented) when listening Stages of Effective listening (HURIER) ○ Hearing ○ Understanding ○ Remembering ○ Interpreting - (verbal and nonverbal) ○ Evaluating ○ Responding - (passive to active) ■ Stonewalling - silence ■ Backchanneling - nodding ■ Paraphrasing - restating ■ Empathizing - understanding feelings ■ Supporting - agreeing with the speaker ■ Analyzing - adding your own perspective ■ Advising - communicating advice Types of listening ○ Informational Listening ■ Listening to learn ■ One of the most passive types of listening ○ Critical Listening ■ Listening to evaluate or analyze what you’re hearing ○ Empathic Listening ■ Trying to understand what the speaker is thinking or feeling ■ Perspective-Taking - The ability to understand a situation from another individual’s point of view ■ Empathic Concern - The ability to identify how someone else is feeling and then experience those feelings yourself

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Sympathetic Listening ■ Feeling sorry for another person ○ Inspirational Listening ■ Listening to be inspired ○ Appreciative Listening ■ Listening for pure enjoyment Barriers to Effective Listening ○ Noise ■ Anything that brings your attention away from the conversation at hand ■ Includes factors such as hunger, tiredness, and the temperature of the environment ○ Pseudolistening and Selective Attention ■ Psuedolistening - Pretending to pay attention when you aren’t listening; Using feedback behaviors ■ Selective attention - Listening only to what you want to hear and ignoring the rest ○ Information Overload ■ The state of being overwhelmed by the huge amount of information one is required to take in every day ■ Sources: Ads (magazines, TVs, phones etc) ■ Effects: constant distractions can lower productivity ■ Information overload can be difficult for people with ADHD ■ Overload can be reduced by turning off ringers, using pop-up blockers, and set up spam filters on email Glazing over ○ Daydreaming during the time we aren’t actually listening ■ Can occur because people speak more slowly than we can listen ○ Different from pseudolistening because you are actually listening ○ 3 issues with it: ■ Missing important details ■ Not hearing critical pieces of information ■ Appearing to the speaker as if you aren’t listening Rebuttal Tendency ○ The propensity to debate a speakers point and formulate ones reply while the person is still speaking ○ It is difficult to listen to the speaker when you’re too busy formulating a reply ○ If you don’t focus you can miss details that would affect the reply Closed Mindedness ○ Not listening to anything that doesn’t agree with your p.o.v Competitive Interrupting ○ Interjecting oneself when other people are speaking in order to take control of the conversation Becoming a better listener

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Separate What Is and Isn’t said ■ Paraphrasing is one of the most efficient ways to correctly distinguish what a speaker has and has not said ○ Avoid Confirmation Bias ■ Confirmation Bias - the tendency to pay attention only to information that supports one’s values and beliefs while discounting or ignoring information that doesn’t ○ Listen for Substance More than for Style ■ Vividness Effect - the tendency for dramatic, shocking events to distort one’s perceptions of reality ● Ex: Being nervous about flying after seeing a plane crash on tv ■ Ex: paying more attention to a flashy presentation rather than a bland one even if the content is the same Becoming a Better Critical Listener ○ Be a Skeptic ■ Skepticism - The practice of evaluating the evidence for a claim ○ Evaluate a Speaker’s Credibility ■ Expertise vs Experience ● Experience ex: Raising multiple children gives you lots of experience but doesnt make you an expert because it is different for everyone ● Expertise ex: A male gynecologist can be an expert on pregnancies but will never have the experience of giving birth ■ Bias can affect credibility; If someone has ulterior motives for trying to convince you of what they’re saying ○ Understand Probability ■ Evaluating the merit of a claim (possible, probable, or certain) Becoming a Better Empathic Listener ○ Listen Nonjudgmentally ■ Listen without interrupting ■ Don’t offer advice unless asked ○ Acknowledge Feelings ■ Continuer Statements - Phrases that identify the emotions a person is experiencing and allow him or her to communicate them further ■ Terminator Statements - Phrases that fail to acknowledge a speaker’s emotions and thereby shut down the persons opportunity to express them ○ Communicate Support Nonverbally ■ Listening rather than speaking can help convey empathy ■ Ex: facial expressions, smiles, eye contact, soft-touch...