Fluid Mechanics PDF

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Fundamentals of Fluid seventh edition Mechanics Munson Okiishi Huebsch Rothmayer ■ TA B L E 1 . 5 Approximate Physical Properties of Some Common Liquids (BG Units) Specific Dynamic Kinematic Surface Vapor Bulk Density, Weight, Viscosity, Viscosity, Tension,a Pressure, Modulus,b Temperature R G M N S...

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Fundamentals of seventh edition

Fluid Mechanics

Munson Okiishi Huebsch Rothmayer

■ TA B L E 1 . 5

Approximate Physical Properties of Some Common Liquids (BG Units)

Liquid

Temperature (ⴗF)

Density, R (slugsⲐ ft3)

Carbon tetrachloride Ethyl alcohol Gasolinec Glycerin Mercury SAE 30 oilc Seawater Water

68 68 60 68 68 60 60 60

3.09 1.53 1.32 2.44 26.3 1.77 1.99 1.94

Specific Weight, G (lbⲐft3)

Dynamic Viscosity, M (lb ⴢ sⲐft2)

Kinematic Viscosity, N (ft2Ⲑs)

Surface Tension,a S (lbⲐ ft)

99.5 49.3 42.5 78.6 847 57.0 64.0 62.4

2.00 E ⫺ 5 2.49 E ⫺ 5 6.5 E ⫺ 6 3.13 E ⫺ 2 3.28 E ⫺ 5 8.0 E ⫺ 3 2.51 E ⫺ 5 2.34 E ⫺ 5

6.47 E ⫺ 6 1.63 E ⫺ 5 4.9 E ⫺ 6 1.28 E ⫺ 2 1.25 E ⫺ 6 4.5 E ⫺ 3 1.26 E ⫺ 5 1.21 E ⫺ 5

1.84 E ⫺ 3 1.56 E ⫺ 3 1.5 E ⫺ 3 4.34 E ⫺ 3 3.19 E ⫺ 2 2.5 E ⫺ 3 5.03 E ⫺ 3 5.03 E ⫺ 3

Vapor Pressure, pv [lbⲐ in.2 (abs)]

Bulk Modulus,b Ev (lbⲐ in.2)

E⫹0 E⫺1 E⫹0 E⫺6 E⫺5 — 2.56 E ⫺ 1 2.56 E ⫺ 1

1.91 E ⫹ 5 1.54 E ⫹ 5 1.9 E ⫹ 5 6.56 E ⫹ 5 4.14 E ⫹ 6 2.2 E ⫹ 5 3.39 E ⫹ 5 3.12 E ⫹ 5

Vapor Pressure, pv [NⲐm2 (abs)]

Bulk Modulus,b Ev (NⲐ m2)

E⫹4 E⫹3 E⫹4 E⫺2 E⫺1 — 1.77 E ⫹ 3 1.77 E ⫹ 3

1.31 E ⫹ 9 1.06 E ⫹ 9 1.3 E ⫹ 9 4.52 E ⫹ 9 2.85 E ⫹ 10 1.5 E ⫹ 9 2.34 E ⫹ 9 2.15 E ⫹ 9

1.9 8.5 8.0 2.0 2.3

a

In contact with air. Isentropic bulk modulus calculated from speed of sound. c Typical values. Properties of petroleum products vary. b

■ TA B L E 1 . 6

Approximate Physical Properties of Some Common Liquids (SI Units)

Liquid

Temperature (ⴗC)

Density, R (kgⲐ m3)

Carbon tetrachloride Ethyl alcohol Gasolinec Glycerin Mercury SAE 30 oilc Seawater Water

20 20 15.6 20 20 15.6 15.6 15.6

1,590 789 680 1,260 13,600 912 1,030 999

a

In contact with air. Isentropic bulk modulus calculated from speed of sound. c Typical values. Properties of petroleum products vary. b

Specific Weight, G (kNⲐm3)

Dynamic Viscosity, M (N ⴢ sⲐm2)

Kinematic Viscosity, N (m2 Ⲑ s)

Surface Tension,a S (NⲐm)

15.6 7.74 6.67 12.4 133 8.95 10.1 9.80

9.58 E ⫺ 4 1.19 E ⫺ 3 3.1 E ⫺ 4 1.50 E ⫹ 0 1.57 E ⫺ 3 3.8 E ⫺ 1 1.20 E ⫺ 3 1.12 E ⫺ 3

6.03 E ⫺ 7 1.51 E ⫺ 6 4.6 E ⫺ 7 1.19 E ⫺ 3 1.15 E ⫺ 7 4.2 E ⫺ 4 1.17 E ⫺ 6 1.12 E ⫺ 6

2.69 E ⫺ 2 2.28 E ⫺ 2 2.2 E ⫺ 2 6.33 E ⫺ 2 4.66 E ⫺ 1 3.6 E ⫺ 2 7.34 E ⫺ 2 7.34 E ⫺ 2

1.3 5.9 5.5 1.4 1.6

■ TA B L E 1 . 7

Approximate Physical Properties of Some Common Gases at Standard Atmospheric Pressure (BG Units)

Gas

Temperature (ⴗF)

Air (standard) Carbon dioxide Helium Hydrogen Methane (natural gas) Nitrogen Oxygen

59 68 68 68 68 68 68

Density, R (slugsⲐ ft3) 2.38 E 3.55 E 3.23 E 1.63 E 1.29 E 2.26 E 2.58 E

⫺3 ⫺3 ⫺4 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺3 ⫺3

Specific Weight, G (lbⲐ ft3) 7.65 E 1.14 E 1.04 E 5.25 E 4.15 E 7.28 E 8.31 E

⫺ ⫺ ⫺ ⫺ ⫺ ⫺ ⫺

Dynamic Viscosity, M (lb ⴢ sⲐft2) 2 1 2 3 2 2 2

3.74 E 3.07 E 4.09 E 1.85 E 2.29 E 3.68 E 4.25 E

⫺ ⫺ ⫺ ⫺ ⫺ ⫺ ⫺

7 7 7 7 7 7 7

Kinematic Viscosity, N (ft2Ⲑs) 1.57 E ⫺ 8.65 E ⫺ 1.27 E ⫺ 1.13 E ⫺ 1.78 E ⫺ 1.63 E ⫺ 1.65 E ⫺

4 5 3 3 4 4 4

Gas Constant,a R (ft ⴢ lbⲐ slug ⴢ ⴗR)

Specific Heat Ratio,b k

1.716 E ⫹ 3 1.130 E ⫹ 3 1.242 E ⫹ 4 2.466 E ⫹ 4 3.099 E ⫹ 3 1.775 E ⫹ 3 1.554 E ⫹ 3

1.40 1.30 1.66 1.41 1.31 1.40 1.40

a

Values of the gas constant are independent of temperature. Values of the specific heat ratio depend only slightly on temperature.

b

■ TA B L E 1 . 8

Approximate Physical Properties of Some Common Gases at Standard Atmospheric Pressure (SI Units)

Gas

Temperature (ⴗC)

Density, R (kgⲐ m3)

Specific Weight, G (N Ⲑm3)

Dynamic Viscosity, M (N ⴢ sⲐ m2)

Kinematic Viscosity, N (m2 Ⲑs)

Gas Constant,a R (JⲐ kg ⴢ K)

Specific Heat Ratio,b k

Air (standard) Carbon dioxide Helium Hydrogen Methane (natural gas) Nitrogen Oxygen

15 20 20 20 20 20 20

1.23 E ⫹ 0 1.83 E ⫹ 0 1.66 E ⫺ 1 8.38 E ⫺ 2 6.67 E ⫺ 1 1.16 E ⫹ 0 1.33 E ⫹ 0

1.20 E ⫹ 1 1.80 E ⫹ 1 1.63 E ⫹ 0 8.22 E ⫺ 1 6.54 E ⫹ 0 1.14 E ⫹ 1 1.30 E ⫹ 1

1.79 E ⫺ 5 1.47 E ⫺ 5 1.94 E ⫺ 5 8.84 E ⫺ 6 1.10 E ⫺ 5 1.76 E ⫺ 5 2.04 E ⫺ 5

1.46 E ⫺ 5 8.03 E ⫺ 6 1.15 E ⫺ 4 1.05 E ⫺ 4 1.65 E ⫺ 5 1.52 E ⫺ 5 1.53 E ⫺ 5

2.869 E ⫹ 2 1.889 E ⫹ 2 2.077 E ⫹ 3 4.124 E ⫹ 3 5.183 E ⫹ 2 2.968 E ⫹ 2 2.598 E ⫹ 2

1.40 1.30 1.66 1.41 1.31 1.40 1.40

a

Values of the gas constant are independent of temperature. Values of the specific heat ratio depend only slightly on temperature.

b

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7

th edition

Fundamentals of

Fluid Mechanics Bruce R. Munson Department of Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University Ames, Iowa

Theodore H. Okiishi Department of Mechanical Engineering Iowa State University Ames, Iowa

Wade W. Huebsch Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia

Alric P. Rothmayer Department of Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University Ames, Iowa

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Munson, Bruce Roy, 1940Fundamentals of fluid mechanics / Bruce R. Munson, Theodore H. Okiishi, Wade W. Huebsch, Alric P. Rothmayer—7th edition. pages cm Includes indexes. ISBN 978-1-118-11613-5 1. Fluid mechanics—Textbooks. I. Okiishi, T. H. (Theodore Hisao), 1939- II. Huebsch, Wade W. III. Rothmayer, Alric P., 1959- IV. Title. TA357.M86 2013 532–dc23 2012011618 ISBN 978-1-118-11613-5 (Main Book) ISBN 978-1-118-39971-2 (Binder-Ready Version) Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

About the Authors Bruce R. Munson, Professor Emeritus of Engineering Mechanics at Iowa State University, received his B.S. and M.S. degrees from Purdue University and his Ph.D. degree from the Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics Department of the University of Minnesota in 1970. Prior to joining the Iowa State University faculty in 1974, Dr. Munson was on the mechanical engineering faculty of Duke University from 1970 to 1974. From 1964 to 1966, he worked as an engineer in the jet engine fuel control department of Bendix Aerospace Corporation, South Bend, Indiana. Dr. Munson’s main professional activity has been in the area of fluid mechanics education and research. He has been responsible for the development of many fluid mechanics courses for studies in civil engineering, mechanical engineering, engineering science, and agricultural engineering and is the recipient of an Iowa State University Superior Engineering Teacher Award and the Iowa State University Alumni Association Faculty Citation. He has authored and coauthored many theoretical and experimental technical papers on hydrodynamic stability, low Reynolds number flow, secondary flow, and the applications of viscous incompressible flow. He is a member of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Ted H. Okiishi, Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at Iowa State University, joined the faculty there in 1967 after receiving his undergraduate and graduate degrees from that institution. From 1965 to 1967, Dr. Okiishi served as a U.S. Army officer with duty assignments at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, where he participated in rocket nozzle heat transfer research, and at the Combined Intelligence Center, Saigon, Republic of South Vietnam, where he studied seasonal river flooding problems. Professor Okiishi and his students have been active in research on turbomachinery fluid dynamics. Some of these projects have involved significant collaboration with government and industrial laboratory researchers, with two of their papers winning the ASME Melville Medal (in 1989 and 1998). Dr. Okiishi has received several awards for teaching. He has developed undergraduate and graduate courses in classical fluid dynamics as well as the fluid dynamics of turbomachines. He is a licensed professional engineer. His professional society activities include having been a vice president of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and of the American Society for Engineering Education. He is a Life Fellow of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers and past editor of its Journal of Turbomachinery. He was recently honored with the ASME R. Tom Sawyer Award. Wade W. Huebsch, Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at West Virginia University, received his B.S. degree in aerospace engineering from San Jose State University where he played college baseball. He received his M.S. degree in mechanical engineering and his Ph.D. in aerospace engineering from Iowa State University in 2000. Dr. Huebsch specializes in computational fluid dynamics research and has authored multiple journal articles in the areas of aircraft icing, roughness-induced flow phenomena, and boundary layer flow control. He has taught both undergraduate and graduate courses in fluid mechanics and has developed a new undergraduate course in computational fluid dynamics. He has received multiple teaching awards such as Outstanding Teacher and Teacher of the Year from the College of Engineering and Mineral Resources at WVU as well as the Ralph R.

v

vi

About the Authors

Teetor Educational Award from SAE. He was also named as the Young Researcher of the Year from WVU. He is a member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the Sigma Xi research society, the Society of Automotive Engineers, and the American Society of Engineering Education. Alric P. Rothmayer, Professor of Aerospace Engineering at Iowa State University, received his undergraduate and graduate degrees from the Aerospace Engineering Department at the University of Cincinnati, during which time he also worked at NASA Langley Research Center and was a visiting graduate research student at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in London. He joined the faculty at Iowa State University (ISU) in 1985 after a research fellowship sponsored by the Office of Naval Research at University College in London. Dr. Rothmayer has taught a wide variety of undergraduate fluid mechanics and propulsion courses for over 25 years, ranging from classical low and high speed flows to propulsion cycle analysis. Dr. Rothmayer was awarded an ISU Engineering Student Council Leadership Award, an ISU Foundation Award for Early Achievement in Research, an ISU Young Engineering Faculty Research Award, and a National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator Award. He is an Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), and was chair of the 3rd AIAA Theoretical Fluid Mechanics Conference. Dr. Rothmayer specializes in the integration of Computational Fluid Dynamics with asymptotic methods and low order modeling for viscous flows. His research has been applied to diverse areas ranging from internal flows through compliant tubes to flow control and aircraft icing. In 2001, Dr. Rothmayer won a NASA Turning Goals into Reality (TGIR) Award as a member of the Aircraft Icing Project Team, and also won a NASA Group Achievement Award in 2009 as a member of the LEWICE Ice Accretion Software Development Team. He was also a member of the SAE AC-9C Aircraft Icing Technology Subcommittee of the Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee of SAE and the Fluid Dynamics Technical Committee of AIAA.

Preface This book is intended for junior and senior engineering students who are interested in learning some fundamental aspects of fluid mechanics. We developed this text to be used as a first course. The principles considered are classical and have been well-established for many years. However, fluid mechanics education has improved with experience in the classroom, and we have brought to bear in this book our own ideas about the teaching of this interesting and important subject. This seventh edition has been prepared after several years of experience by the authors using the previous editions for introductory courses in fluid mechanics. On the basis of this experience, along with suggestions from reviewers, colleagues, and students, we have made a number of changes in this edition. The changes (listed below, and indicated by the word New in descriptions in this preface) are made to clarify, update, and expand certain ideas and concepts.

New to This Edition In addition to the continual effort of updating the scope of the material presented and improving the presentation of all of the material, the following items are new to this edition. With the widespread use of new technologies involving the web, DVDs, digital cameras and the like, there is an increasing use and appreciation of the variety of visual tools available for learning. As in recent editions, this fact has been addressed in the new edition by continuing to include additional new illustrations, graphs, photographs, and videos. Illustrations: New illustrations and graphs have been added to this edition, as well as updates to past ones. The book now contains nearly 1600 illustrations. These illustrations range from simple ones that help illustrate a basic concept or equation to more complex ones that illustrate practical applications of fluid mechanics in our everyday lives. Photographs: This edition has also added new photographs throughout the book to enhance the text. The total number of photographs now exceeds 300. Some photos involve situations that are so common to us that we probably never stop to realize how fluids are involved in them. Others involve new and novel situations that are still baffling to us. The photos are also used to help the reader better understand the basic concepts and examples discussed. Combining the illustrations, graphs and photographs, the book has approximately 1900 visual aids. Videos: The video library has been enhanced by the addition of 19 new video segments directly related to the text material, as well as multiple updates to previous videos (i.e. same topic with an updated video clip). In addition to being strategically located at the appropriate places within the text, they are all listed, each with an appropriate thumbnail photo, in the video index. They illustrate many of the interesting and practical applications of real-world fluid phenomena. There are now 175 videos. Examples: The book contains 5 new example problems that involve various fluid flow fundamentals. Some of these examples also incorporate new PtD (Prevention through Design) discussion material. The PtD project, under the direction of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, involves, in part, the use of textbooks to encourage the proper design and use of workday equipment and material so as to reduce accidents and injuries in the workplace. Problems and Problem Types: Approximately 30% new homework problems have been added for this edition, with a total number of 1484 problems in the text (additional problems in WileyPLUS ). Also, new multiple-choice concept questions (developed by Jay Martin and John Mitchell of the University of Wisconsin-Madison) have been added at the beginning of each Problems section. These questions test the students’ knowledge of basic chapter concepts. This edition has also signi...