Foundation of Education PDF

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Module 1- Historical Foundations of EducationsEducation is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and attitudes that make man do better. It is not only a preparation for life but it is life itself. This is so because throughout the life man learns many things in and out of school that changes his life...

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Module 1- Historical Foundations of Educations Education is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and attitudes that make man do better. It is not only a preparation for life but it is life itself. This is so because throughout the life man learns many things in and out of school that changes his life for the better. Education is informal if the things learned are outside the school system. It is formal if the things learned are acquired within a formally organized school system. Foundation is a base which any structure or system stands. A strong foundation makes the structure of system firmly established and strong enough to be able to serve its purpose and to survive calamitous events. The structure or system is like a house with strong foundation, which cannot be blown down by a typhoon nor wrecked by an earthquake no matter how strong these natural disasters are. Foundations of Education are those systems or sciences upon which education stands and has its roots, origin, or bases. Foundations of education are those from which education arose and came into being. They are the factors that affected education so much particularly, curriculum content. There are six foundations of education: (1) psychological, (2) sociological, (3) anthropological, (4) historical, (5) philosophical, and (6) legal foundations. 1. Psychology. It is the study of human behavior, of how a person acts and reacts under different situations, consciously or unconsciously, mentally, physiologically, physically, overtly or covertly. It is the study of man’s reactions to life stimulations. 2. Sociology. It deals with the study of human beings living in-groups, of how people act and interact under different social situations, and how they relate themselves to one another. Terms that indicate group action is used here such as cooperate, team work, sociable, conflict, etc. 3. Anthropology. It deals with the study of civilizations and culture of people: their origins, customs, traditions, beliefs, mores, folkways, and practices. Also included are languages, forms of writing, tools and weapons, buildings and other physical structures.

ORIGIN OF EDUCATION There are two theories concerning the exact origin of Education. 1. The Theory of Divine Creation advocates when God, in the beginning of time, created man according to His image and likeness and commissioned him to multiply and replenish the earth and subdue it and have dominion over all other creations (Genesis Chapter 1), He equipped man with intellect and free will. But

4. History. It deals with study of past events that makes us understand the present situation, and to enable us to predict future events.

5. Philosophy. It deals with a systematized truth or principle that serves as a guide for conduct or thinking. Philosophy is a fixed idea or principle arrived at after a very rigid scrutiny or study of the state of things, situations or events. 6. Legality. Legality refers to the conformity to the laws passed by the State establish and guide the conduct of an educational system. The Constitution is the most important legal document that establishes and guides the conduct of an educational system. It contains the philosophy of education of the country EDUCATION is derived from the Latin word “educare” or “educere” which means to lead forth. It is defined as the process acquiring knowledge, habits, attitudes, interest, skills and abilities and other intangible human qualities through training instructions and self-activity, and transmitting these vital elements of human civilization to posterity.

TYPES OF EDUCATION 1. Formal Education – refers to the hierarchy structured and chronologically grade learning organized and provided by the formal school system and for which certification is required in order for the learner to progress through the grade or move to higher levels. It corresponds to the following levels: ∙ elementary education ∙ secondary education ∙ tertiary education 2. Non-formal Education – refer to any school-based educational activities undertaken by the DECS and other agencies aimed at attaining specific learning objectives for a particular clientele, specially illiterates and the out-of-school youths and adults, distinct from and outside the regular offerings of the formal school system. (B.P. 232 Art. III Chapter 1 and 2 Sections 19 and 24). 3. Informal Education – a type of education, which can be acquired anytime, and anywhere. It is otherwise known as the education for all seasons. Henceforth, the first couple multiplied, passing the knowledge acquired from God to their offspring’s, until the time when their children inhabited the earth possessing the intelligence they inherited from their parents. These include the ability to communicate, read and write, knowledge in science and arts, as well as other skills like hunting, farming, fishing, etc. 2. The Theory of Evolution, on the other hand,

because man chose to ignore God and disobey His will, the first couple was banished from the “Garden of Eden” and severed the former relation between the Creator and man.

believes that education started when every primitive man, basically savages, brutish and animalistic, for he had just evolved from the lower primates, began his quest to find ways and means to feed, clothe, shelter and protect

himself, and compete with other animals for survival (i.e. survival of the fittest).

ANCIENT TO ROMAN EDUCATION Primitive education focused on survival and security. It was simple, had relatively narrow social contacts, and was conservative and prone to be superstitious. Primitive life was tribal, not political. Jewish education was more ethical and religious. Their method of instruction was oral and learning by doing was emphasized. Corporal punishment was considered an essential element of training. China’s policy of isolation made them confident of their protection because they had no intention of invading other countries. Its education was composed of two important aspects: school and examinations. The examinations were the bases for qualifying for government positions. The Egypt was considered the cradle of ancient civilization because very significant historical events took place in this country. Spartan education aimed to develop the capacities of men for war, to prepare the men to defend themselves and their country all times. Athens, on the other hand, aimed to produce young men and women who were charming and graceful in manners. The Romans were practical people who successfully managed their everyday affairs. Their education was utilitarian and emphasized the practical application of learned theories. They developed the virtues essential to the exercise of their rights and the discharge of their duties and obligations.

THE MEDIEVAL EDUCATION The early Christian Church ushered in a new hope for the world because it offered a new ethical force that provided the basis for education. The Christian faith unified the different sectors of Western Europe through its

THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD AND THE EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENTS OF THE 2Oth CENTURY The latter part of the medieval period gave rise to different movements that rekindled the mind and the spirit. The Renaissance was a period of revival, reawakening or rebirth of learning. Some of the movements during the 18th and 19th centuries were the following: Humanism as a way of life was concerned with the fullest realization of human existence. It had to distinct phases: Italian or individual humanism was concerned with individual freedom and the development of the elite; and the social humanism, which emphasized moral and social freedom. Reformation was a movement during the 16th century against the abuses of the Catholic

government and laws, its services and the work of monasteries in caring for the poor. Jesus Christ emphasized His teaching as “Seek ye first the kingdom of God and His Righteousness and all those things shall be added unto you.” He used conversational, gnomic and parable methods in teaching His followers. Monastic education was for the salvation of the individual soul through moral and spiritual discipline guided by the monastic life of obedience, poverty and chastity. Scholasticism was a philosophical system that aimed to bring reason to the support of faith and to strengthen religious life and the church through the development of intellectual power.

“ A premier multidisciplinary technological university “ Chivalry was the secular counterpart of monasticism. Its aim was to attain the highest social ideals through form and custom. Likewise, its main focus was the development of the character of a gentleman – honorable, dignified, god-fearing, and respectful of authority. Guilds were two distinct types. The merchant guilds were composed of businessmen who engaged in buying and selling products. Craft guilds were composed of skilled workers who manufactured and sold their own products. A guild was a type of commercial and professional association formed to promote the common interests of its members. Saracenic religion was founded by Mohammed whose aim was to search of knowledge, the application of scientific facts to everyday living, the development of individual initiative, and an emphasis of social welfare. the clergy and to regain the confidence of the people. Realism was philosophy that emphasized that education should be concerned with the realities of life. Disciplinism was a doctrine advocating the disciplinary theory of education, which believed that the mind of the child at birth was a tabula rasa or blank tablet. The purpose of education was to provide exercises and discipline for physical, moral and mental processes. Rationalism was a movement that upheld the right to opinion, liberty of conscience and the freedom of thought. Naturalism was an educational theory based on a doctrine that opposed those that were artificial. Nationalism was primarily concerned with the preservation and glorification of the state. It believed that the state must depend on

Church. Martin Luther was the leading personality of this movement. Catholic-Counter Reformation was a movement of the Catholic Church to correct the abuses of

education as a safeguard against external aggression.

Developmentalism was based on a child-centered point of view, recommending a careful study of the child.

Some outstanding leaders during the renaissance period: Martin Luther was a German religious reformer who insisted on state –funded compulsory education for both sexes especially in the elementary level. Da Feltre was believed to be of the first teachers to combine physical and mental activity in a school situation. Locke was known as the intellectual ruler of the 18th century. His theories and knowledge are widely spread out. He recommended a broader curriculum and physical training and advocated the disciplinary theory of education that believed that the mind of the child upon birth was a tabula rasa.

Some of the leading psychologists whose theories are still used today:

1. Hieroglyphics – ancient picture-writing system 2. Papyrus – ancient paper 3. Mathematics – value of pi = 3.16 4. Engineering / architecture Pyramids, dams, dikes, palaces 5. Geometry – land surveying and measuring 6. Astronomy – positions of stars and other heavenly bodies to determined tides, seasons, flood, Calendars composed of 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, months of 30 days with 365 days a year. 7. Medicine - explored human anatomy - Mummification of the dead GREEKS – liberal and democratic education 1. Olympic games 2. Mythology 3. Democracy 4. Philosophy

The Greek City States Sparta Authoritarian government Military city-state Communal life Military academy At birth, the child is taken care by the mother, but at the age of seven he is turned over to the paidonomus or a military drillmaster that will teach him the art of warfare Athens Liberal education Freedom of thought, expression and religion Education was a family responsibility Every male child is given a pedagogues or a tutor who will train him to be a good and responsible citizen Ancient Athenian Schools 1. Palestra – gymnastic school Paedotribe – teacher of gymnastics 2. Music school Kitharist – music teacher 3. Grammar school Grammatist – teacher of letters The Sophists were the wandering scholars who went to Athens, taught Athenian boys but collected fees from them. EDUCATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF Protagoras was the most famous SOME ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS sophist who said that man is the JEWISH – religious education measure of all things. 1. Synagogues – temple schools The Greek Thinkers flourished in order to 2. Bible and the Talmud counteract the influences of the Sophists who 3. Rabbis – teacher/priest were not Athenians. Among them were: CHINESE – career oriented education Socrates (469-399 B. C.) 1. Analects of Confucius Advanced the idea of Gnoth Seauton or know 2. Civil Service Examination (Han Dynasty 206 thyself B.C.) He believed that knowledge is a) Flowering talent- whole day exam virtue and all virtuous b) Promoted man – 3 days exam actions are based on c) Entered scholar/fit for office – 13 days Knowledge; he exam, and those who passed became introduced Socratic the ministers of the emperor dialectic method of Every examination that an individual

Rousseau was the first to develop an educational theory base on a naturalistic view. He had a profound influence on the theory and practice of education and insisted on nature as the best guide to the educational process. He emphasized that stimulus to learning should come from the children’s curiosity and interest. Pestalozzi combined physical, moral, intellectual and manual work. His emphasis was on helping children to learn by experience and observation rather than verbalism and memorization. Herbart stressed that ideas are developed in the mind through external stimuli. He considered the lesson plan as a chief device for teaching and recommended the following steps: preparation, presentation, association, generalization, and application as the formal steps of instruction. Froebel emphasized that young unmarried teachers should serve as teachers of children in the kindergarten or preschool level because they had enough time to attend to the needs of the children. Dewey brought the new concept of the social functions to education.

passed had a corresponding decoration in his dress, in his household and certain privileges. EGYPTIAN – practical and empirical education

teaching which is Compose of: 1. ironic (destructive) element 2. majestic (constructive) element

Plato (427-347 B. C.) Proposed that the society should be divided into classes of people based on their talent and intelligence: a) Philosophical class – guardians or rulers of the society. b) Warrior Class – protectors of the society c) Artisan or industrial class – workers of the society He believed that the social class should determine education where the person belongs he established a school called Academy Aristotle (384-322 B. C.) He was the pedagogues of Alexander the Great He established a school called lyceum He believed that virtue is brought by doing not y knowing He advanced the idea that man is a social animal and must use his reason to attain His ultimate end which is the summon bonum or highest / supreme Good. He postulated that man is composed of two distinct but united entities: Body and soul.

The Greek Universities University of Athens – world’s first comprehensive university. University of Alexandra – founded by Alexander the Great in Egypt. It had the most advanced library facilities. The Septuagint, which is the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, was translated y 70 scholars in this university. It had excellent products like: 1. Euclid – in the field of Geometry 2. Archimedes – in the field of Physics

EDUCATIONAL INFLUENCES OF JESUS CHRIST Jesus was born ca.4 B.C. and was crucified 33 years after approximately AD 30. In the short stay of Jesus Christ here on earth. He revolutionized man’s concept of religiosity and theology. His methods of teaching people were simple and direct and were intended to touch man’s spirituality. The Teaching Methods of Jesus Christ Parable – a short story, a weighty similitude used to convey instruction to ignorant, prejudiced and inattentive hearers. Ex. Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11:33) Conversational Method – an intimate, face-toface, direct, natural, personal and informal method. It is a sort of question and answer method. Ex. John 3:1-11 between Jesus and Nicodemus Mat. 22:15-17 about paying taxes. Proverbial or Gnomic Method – Jesus, in His teachings frequently used gnomes or proverbs, some were quoted from the Old

3. Eratosthenes – in the field of Geography and Astronomy ROMANS – pragmatic and progressive education 1. Latin language 2. The Laws of the Twelve Tables 3. The Roman Senate

The Roman Schools 1. Elementary – school of the literature Laudi Magister 2. Secondary – school of the Grammatics or Literatus 3. Higher education – rhetorical schools

Imperial Contributions to Education 1. Vespasian (A.D. 69-79) – founded the Roman University and Roman Library 2. Trajan (A.D> 98-117) – gave scholarships to poor but deserving students 3. Hardian (117-138) – gave pensions for retired teachers and gave more attention to Law and Medicine than to Philosophy. 4. Antoninus Pius (138-161) – exempted all Roman teachers from taxation and military service. 5. Constantine (306-363) – continued all the privileges, mentioned above and legalized Christianity by virtue of the Edict of Milan on AD 313. 6. Julian (361-363) – required that all teachers be licensed and be given qualifying exams. He eliminated Christian teachers from Roman schools. 7. Gratian (367-383) – subsidized all Roman school, and created a salary scale for teachers. 8. Theodosius (383-395) – he nationalized all schools and considered the establishment of private schools a grave crime punishable by law.

EARLY CHRISTIAN EDUCATION Upon the resurrection of Jesus Christ, He commissioned His disciplines to “go into the world and preach the Gospels….” (Mathew 28:19), but they received a lot of persecutions from the unbelieving world. However, when Emperor Constantine of the Roman Empire proclaimed Christianity as the official religion of the Roman world, the Christians and their teaching became part of the mainstream society, and the Emperor himself supported the church and established school. By virtue of this support, the following Christian schools were established: 1. Catechumenal – school for new converts 2. Catechetical – school for leadership training 3. Cathedral/Episcopalian – school for the clergy

THE DIFFERENT MEDIEVAL MOVEMENTS IN EDUCATION The medieval period is also known as the middle age or the Dark Age that refers to the span of time from the downfall of the Roman Empire in the year A.D. 476 to the

Testament and others were His own. Ex. “For many are called but few are chosen.” Mat. 22:14

beginning of about 1333.

the The

Renaissance period different educational

movements during this epoch in history are discussed hereunder: Monasticism – education was a religious discipline. Education was strict, rigid and punishment was severe. Education was based on Monastic vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. During the reign of Charlemagne (772-804), he supported the Monastic schools and even established court schools to educate his constituents. Scholasticism – education was an intellectual discipline. The purpose of this movement was to bring reason to faith and support theology by using logic. Saint Thomas of Aquinas (12251274) was one of the foremost proponents of Scholastic movement. He wrote the Summa Theologiac, which became the basis of the majority of the doctrines of the Catholic Church. The Medieval University – the medieval universities started as “universitas magistrorum et scholarium” or corporation of teachers and students chartered by the pope or the kings. The first organized university was the University o...