Foundations Assignment Final Legislative Memo/ Case Brief/ Statutory Interpretation PDF

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Foundations assignment it was marked 30/40 Part 1 - 13/15 Part 2 - 13/15 Part 3 Statutory Interpretation I completed it wrong 4/10...

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LEGI SLATI ON,CASELAW & STATUTORYI NTERPRETATI ON ASSI GNMENTTRI MESTER1,20 2 1 1 03 1LAW Pa r t1 :Le g i s l a t i v eMe mo:COVI D19Eme r g e nc yRe s po ns eAc t20 20( Ql d) Pur pos e sofl e gi s l a t i on Theob j e c t i v e soft heCOVI D–19Eme r g e nc yRe s po ns eAc t202 0( Ql d)i st o‘ pr o t e c tt hehe a l t h , 1 s a f e t ya ndwe l f a r eofpe r s on sa ffe c t e db yt heCOVI D–19e me r g e nc y ; ’ f a c i l i t a t et h e‘ c on t i nu a nc eof 2 pu bl i ca dmi n i s t r a t i on, j ud i c i a lpr o c e s s ,s ma l lbus i ne s sa n do t he ra c t i vi t i e s ’ whi c hha v ebe e nhe a vi l y

di s r up t e d .TheAc tha sbe e ni mpl e me nt e dt opr o vi def orma t t e r sr e l a t e dt or e t a i l ,r e s i de nt i a la nd pr e s c r i be dl e a s e sa ffe c t e da n da l s ot oe a s e‘ r e gul a t or yr e qu i r e me nt t s o ’s up po r tt heQue e ns l a n dr e nt a l s e c t or3. Th eob j e c t i v ei st obea c hi e v e db yr e du c i n gph y s i c a lc ont a c tbe t we e npe r s on s ,ma ki n gpo we r f orr e t a i ll e a s e sa ndot he rpr e s c r i be dl e a s e s ,r e s i de nt i a lt e na nc i e sa ndr oo mi n ga c c ommoda t i on4. Th e ou t br e a kofCOVI D–19i nQue e n s l a ndmot i v a t e dt heg o v e r n me ntt ode c l a r ea‘ pu bl i che a l t h e me r g e nc yund e rt hePubl i cHe al t hAc t20 05, s e c t i on31 9( 2)f orCOVI D19d e c l a r e don29J a nu a r y 5 20 20a se xt e n de da ndf ur t he re x t e nde dun de rt ha tAc t ’ . Th epr i nc i pl e swhi c hun de r pi nt hea c twa s

f ou nde dont hei ni t i a t i v et oma i nt a i nt hes a f e t yoft hepub l i c ,e ns ur i n gl a nd l or dpa r t i e s‘ c oop e r a t e ,a c t 6 r e a s on a bl ea ndi ng oo df a i t h ’ , no ti nc r e a s er e nta ndun de ra na ffe c t e dl e a s e‘ mu s tno tt a k epr e s c r i be d t h t h a c t i on ,i nc l ud i n ge nf or c i n gt he i rr i gh t sun de rt hel e a s e ,dur i n gt hepe r i odf r om29 Ma r c h20 20t o30 6 Se p t e mbe r202 0’ . Th e r e f or e ,whe nt a ki n gi nt oa c c ou ntt heob j e c t i v ea n dun de r l yi n gpr i nc i pl e s ,

e vi de nt l yt hepr i ma r ypu r pos eoft hi sAc ti st opr i or i t i s ea nds us t a i npu bl i cs a f e t ywh i l ea l s oe n s ur i n g 1 t her e gu l a t i onspr e s c r i be da r ebe i n gme t .

St r uc t ur eoft heAc t TheCOVI D–19Eme r g e nc yRe s po ns eAc t202 0( Ql d)c on s i s t sof36p r o v i s i on sa n dt he r e f or eha s be e ns t r uc t ur e di nt ot e npa r t s . Themos tc r i t i c a lPa r t sa r ePa r t s3, 7a nd8. Pa r t3i mpl e me nt st he A r e qu i r e me nt st or e du c eph y s i c a lc on t a c tbe t we e npe r s on s . Spe c i fic a l l y , Pa r t3di s c l o s e sho w

r e gul a t i onsma ybepr od uc e dt opr o vi dea l t e r na t ea r r a n g e me nt sf or‘ t hec r e a t i onofdo c ume n t s ,a nd di c t a t eho wa t t e nd a n c e sa r ec on du c t e da n dme e t i n g sa r ehe l di nor de rt oc o mp l ywi t hs oc i a ldi s t a nc i n g

1 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 .

COVI D1 9Eme r g e n c yRe s pons eAc t2 020 COVI D1 9Eme r g e n c yRe s pons eAc t2 020 COVI D1 9Eme r g e n c yRe s pons eAc t2 020 COVI D1 9Eme r g e n c yRe s pons eAc t2 020 Publ i cHe a l t h( Fu r t he rEx t e ns i o nofDe c l ar e dPu bl i cHe al t hEme r g e nc y —Cor onav i r us( 2 01 9-nCoV) )Re gul at i on( No. 2)2 020 Re t ai l ShopLe as e san dOt h e rCo mme r c i al Le as e s( COVI D19Eme r g e nc yRe s p ons e )Re gul at i on20 20 Co ur t ne yLi n t o n& Hon giHa n , Co vi d19Eme r g e n c yRe s pons eBi l l2 020( We bPa g e ) ,ht t p s : / / www. c or ne y a n dl i nd. c om. a u / e d uc a t i onl a w/ c o vi d 19e me r g e nc y r e s p o ns e bi l l 2 02 0/ Co ur t ne yLi n t o n& Hon giHa n , Co vi d19Eme r g e n c yRe s pons eBi l l2 020( We bPa g e ) ,h t t ps : / / www. c o r n e y a n d l i nd . c o m. a u / e d u c a t i onl a w/ c o vi d1 9e me r g e n c y r e s p o ns e bi l l 2 02 0/

7 r e c omme n da t i on s ’ . Pa r t7a l l o wst heQu e e n s l a ndGo v e r nme ntt oma k es e v e r a l‘ e xt r a or di n a r y 8 r e gul a t i onswi t hr e s pe c tt ot heRe t a i lSho pLe a s e sAc t199 4’ . I npa r t i c ul a r ,t heAc te x c l ude sl a nd l or ds

f r o m;Re c o v e r yofpo s s e s s i onofpr e mi s e s ,t e r mi na t i ono ft hel e a s e ,pr e v e nt i onorr e gu l a t i onoft he e x e r c i s i n gofa n ot he rr i ght ofal a ndl or dund e rar e l e v a ntl e a s eo ra gr e e me ntr e l a t i ont ot hepr e mi s e s , a nde x e mpt i n gat e na ntf r omt heop e r a t i ono fal e a s eorot he ra gr e e me ntr e l a t i n gt ot hel e a d i n gof 9 pr e mi s e s . Pa r t8pe r mi t sl e gi s l a t i ont oma ke‘ pr o vi s i onf ora n yma t t e rne c e s s a r yf orr e s p ond i n gt ot he 9 COVI D–19e me r g e nc y ’ . Pa r t8oft h eAc tpe r mi t sl e gi s l a t i ont oma k epr o vi s i on23f ora n yma t t e r

n e c e s s a r yi nr e s po ns et ot heCOVI D–19e me r g e nc y ,t h i si nc l ud e s ;‘ i mp os i n gamor a t or i umon e vi c t i onso ft e na nt sa n dr e s i de nt sdu r i n gt heCOVI D–19e me r g e nc ype r i od ,a l t e rgr ou ndsf ornot i c e s ofl e a v e ,e na bl ec o nc i l i a t i onf orun pa i dr e nt ,s us pe ndr i gh t sorob l i g a t i on sund e rt heRe s i de nt i a l Te na nc i e sa ndRo omi n gAc c ommod a t i onAc t200 8, a me ndt her e s i d e n t i a lt e n a nc ya gr e e me nton 1 0 v a r i ou st e r ms ’ .

Ke ypr o vi s i onsoft heAc t 

I na t t e mp tt her e d uc et heph y s i c a lc on t a c tbe t we e npe r s on s , s8pr o v i de st her e qu i r e me nt s r e l a t i n gt oa t t e nda nc ea tpl a c e sorme e t i n gs .Ape r s oni spe r mi t t e dt oph y s i c a l l ya t t e n dapl a c e orme e t i n gf o rt hepa r t i c ul a rpu r p os e sa ndma t t e r si nc l ud i n g ;‘ avi s i tori ns p e c t i onb ya n a ut ho r i s epe r s ono fapa r t i c ul a rs i t e , ame e t i n gofabo a r dorc o mmi t t e e ,a t t e n da nc ebe f o r ea pe r s ont oa n s we rqu e s t i on s ,a ppe a r a nc ebe f or eape r s ont ot a k ea noa t h, ph y s i c a le xa mi na t i on 1 1 ofape r s onb yadoc t orf orapa r t i c ul a rpu r p os e ’ .



S9gr a n t sape r s ona c c e s st oma t t e r sr e l a t i n gt odo c ume nt swhi c hi nc l ud ebut a r eno tl i mi t e d t o;‘ t hes i gn i n gofado c ume ntb yape r s on , t hewi t ne s s i n gofs i gna t ur e s , t hec e r t i fic a t i onof ma t t e r sb ys i gna t or i e s ,wi t ne s s e sorot he rpe r s on si n v o l v e di nt hema ki n gofadoc ume nt ,t he 1 2 v e r i fic a t i onoft hei de nt i t yofi nd i vi du a l s ,t hea t t e s t a t i onofado c ume n t , . ’



s20gr a nt sac ommi s s i one rt o‘ p r o v i dei nf or ma t i ona nda dv i s or ys e r vi c e st ot hepub l i ca bo ut ma t t e r sr e l e v a ntt os ma l lbus i ne s s e spa r t i c ul a r l yi nr e l a t i ont ot heCOVI D19r e s p ons e me a s u r e s ;a n dt oa s s i s ts ma l lbu s i ne s s e si nr e a c hi n ga ni nf or ma lr e s ol ut i onf ord i s pu t e s 1 3 r e l a t i n gt os ma l lbu s i ne s sl e a s e s , ’ .

2

Cou r t ne yLi n t on&Hon giHa n , Co vi d 19Eme r g e n c yRe s pons eBi l l2 020( We bPa g e ) ,h t t ps : / / www. c or n e y a n dl i nd . c o m. a u / e d uc a t i onl a w/ c o v i d1 9e me r g e n c yr e s pons e b i l l 2 020 / 1 0. COVI D19Eme r g e n c yRe s p o ns eBi l l202 0 1 1. COVI D19Eme r g e n c yRe s p o ns eAc t 2020 1 2. COVI D19Eme r g e n c yRe s p o ns eAc t 2020 1 3. COVI D19Eme r g e n c yRe s p o ns eAc t 2020 1 4. COVI D19Eme r g e n c yRe s p o ns eAc t 2020

3

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s23e nf or c e s‘ pr ob i tt her e c o v e r yo fpo s s e s s i onofpr e mi s e sund e rar e l e v a ntl e a s eb yal e s s or oft hepr e mi s e sf r omal e s s oroft hepr e mi s e s ;orpr oh i bi tt het e r mi na t i onofar e l e v a ntl e a s eb y 1 4 al e s s ororo wne rofpr e mi s e s , ’ .

Cr i t i c a lPe r s pe c t i v e Th i sAc tr e gu l a t e st h eLo c k d o wnDi r e c t i o nsQu e e n s l a n d e r smus ta b i d et ob yp r e v e n t i n gf u r t h e ro ut b r e a ko f COVI D1 9t oe n s u r et h ep u bl i c ’ ss a f e t y . I ti sapr i ma r ye x a mp l eo ft h eg o v e r n me n ta sap o l i t i c a li n s t i t u t i on wi t ht h epu r p o s eo fma i nt a i n i n gs e c ur i t yt h r o u g h o u ts oc i e t yt oi mp l e me n tn e wr e g u l a t i on so fl a wa n do r de r i nal i b e r a l de mo c r a c ywh i c hr e c o g n i s e sa n dp r o t e c t st h er i g ht soft hep e o pl e . T oas i gn i fic a n te x t e n t , t he Ac th a sa c h i e v e di t sp u r p o s ewi t ht h eo u t b r e a ko fCOVI D–1 9h a v i n gmi n i ma la ffe c tt oQu e e n s l a n d e r ’ s d a yt od a yl i v e sa n dr e s t r i c t i o n sh a v i n gc o met oa ne n d . Th eCOVI D1 9Eme r g e nc yRe s p on s eAc t2 02 0 ( Ql d )a d o p t st h et h e o r e t i c a lmo d e l , l e g a lp o s i t i v i s m wi t ht h ea d d i t i o no fas o c i a lc o n t r a c t .Th es o c i a l c o n t r a c tb e i n gap o l i t i c a lc o n t r a c ti nwh i c ht h ep e o p l er e l i n q u i s hs o meo ft h e i rl i b e r t i e st ot h es o v e r e i g ni n 1 5 e x c h a n g ef o rp r o t e c t i o ne n s ur i n gp e a c ea n dc o mf o r t . Th eAc tr e s t r i c t st h er i g h t so fi n d i v i d u a l sf r e e d o mt o

c h oo s e , wi t ht h eg o v e r n me n ti mp o s i n gs t r i c tr e q ui r e me n t sa n dp e n a l t i e si no r d e rt op r o t e c tt h ep u b l i cwi t h l i mi t e da ffe c tt ot h ee c o n o my . Th ei n f r i n g e me n to na ni n di v i d u a l ’ sr i g h t sb yt h eg o v e r n me n ti sp r on et o i nfli c tt e n s i o nb e t we e no t h e rl i b e r a la p p r o a c h e s .Ho we v e r ,t h i sAc tc a na l s ob es e e ni nt h el e g a la p p r oa c ho f p o s i t i v el i b e r t ywh i c ha l l o wsap e r s ont oma k er a t i o n a lc h oi c e sc o n v e r s e l y , t h eg o v e r n me n ti su l t i ma t e l y a l l o we dt oi nt e r v e n et oi mp l e me n tr e s t r i c t i o nsona ni n di v i d u a l ’ sr i g ht si no r d e rt or e d uc et h eo u t b r e a ko f COVI D1 9, t op r o t e c tt heh e a l t h, s a f e t ya n dwe l f a r eo ft h ep u bl i c .

Pa r t2:Cas eBr i e f

Cas eCi t a t i o n Ge r n e rvVi c t or i a( 2 02 0 )3 8 5ALR3 9 4 ;[ 2 02 0 ]HCA4 8 ;BC2 0 21 2 2 6 9 Cour t

t h Th ec a s ewa sh e a r di nt h eHi g hCo u r tofAu s t r a l i a . Ont h e1 0 o fDe c e mb e r20 2 0t heJ u d g e me n tc a me

f r o maf u l lc o u r tb yt h ef ol l o wi n gj u d g e s :Ki e f e lCJ , Ke a n e , Go r d o na n dEd e l ma nJ J Pr o c e dur a lHi s t or y I nt h ec a s eGe r n e rvVi c t or i a( 2 02 0 ) ,t h e r ewa ss u ffic i e n te v i d e n c ef o rt h ep l a i n t i fft oa p p e a lt ot h e Aus t r a l i a nHi g hCo u r t , t h ep l a i nt i ffwa sa p pe a l i n ga g a i n s tt h eVi c t o r i aGo v e r n me n t( Co mmo n we a l t h )h e n c e wh yt heh e a r i n gwa sh e l di nt h eAu s t r a l i a nHi g hCo u r t . Fa c t s Th ePu b l i cHe a l t ha n dWe l l b e i n gAc t2 0 0 8( Vi c )( t h eAc t )a u t h o r i s e st h eVi c t o r i aGo v e r n me n t t oe x e r c i s e “ e me r g e n c yp o we r s ”wh e na“ s t a t eo fe me r g e n c y ”h a sb e e nd e c l a r e di no r d e rt op r o t e c tt h es a f e t y , p r o p e r t ya n d i n t e g r i t yo ft h es t a t e . Th e“ e me r g e n c yp o we r s ”u n d e rs 2 0 0 ( 1 ) ( b )a n d( d )o ft h eAc t i n c l u d et h ea b i l i t yr e s t r i c t t h emo v e me n t o fa n yp e r s o no rg r o u po fp e r s o n swi t h i nt h ee me r g e n c ya r e a "a n dt og i v ea n yo t h e rd i r e c t i o n 1 5 t h a tt h ea u t h o r i s e do ffic e rc o n s i d e r si sr e a s o n a b l yn e c e s s a r yt op r o t e c tp u b l i ch e . a S l t i h n c et h ed e c l a r a t i o no f t h “ s t a t eo fe me r g e n c y ”d u et ot h ei n c r e a s e do u t b r e a ko fCOVI D1 9o n1 6 o fMa r c h , t h eVi c t o r i a nGo v e r n me n t

i n v o k e dt h ep o we r su n d e rt h ePu b l i cHe a l t ha n dWe l l b e i n gAc tt oi s s u ea n dp r o l o n gLo c k d o wnGu i d e l i n e s f r o mt i met ot i mewh i c hu l t i ma t e l yr e s t r i c t e dt h emo v e me n t o fp e o p l ewi t h i nVi c t o r i a

Th epl a i n t i ffJ u l i a nGe r n e ri sar e s t a u r a n t o wn e ri nMe l b o u r n ewh o s eb u s i n e s swa sg e n e r a t i n ga p p r o x i ma t e l y 1 6 $ 2mi l l i o nd o l l a r so fs a l e sr e v e n u ep e ra n n u mp r i o rt ot h eLo c k d o wnRe s t r i c t i o n s . I np a r t i c u l a r , t h ea l l e g e d

r e s t r i c t i o n so nb e i n gp r o h i b i t e dt ot r a v e lmor et h a n5ki l o me t r e sf r o mh o mei mp o s e db yt h eLo c k d o wn 1 7 Gu i d e l i n e su l t i ma t e l yc a u s e dt h er e s t a u r a n t o wn e rt os u ffe ras i g n i fic a n t l o s so fr e v e . n u e

Th epl a i n t i ffc o mme n c e d‘ p r o c e e d i n g si nt h eHi g hCo u r t s e e k i n gd e c l a r a t i o n st h a t t h eLo c k d o wnRe s t r i c t i o n s 1 8 i s s u e dwe r ei n v a l i da st h e yi n f r i n g e do ni mp l i e df r e e d o mo fmo v e me n t i nt h eCo n s t i t u t i o n ’ .

Th epl a i n t i ffp r e s e n t e dt h r e ed i ffe r e n t a r g u me n t s :‘ t h ef r e e d o mi s“ i mp l i e df r o mt h et e x t a n ds t r u c t u r eo ft h e Co n s t i t u t i o n ” ; i t i s“ p a r t o ft h ei mp l i e df r e e d o mo fp o l i t i c a l c o mmu n i c a t i o n ” ; o ri t i si mp l i e db yt h ef r e et r a d e 1 9 b e t we e ns t a t e su n d e rs 9 2o ft h eCo n s t i t u t i o n ’ .

4

415 Public Health and Wellbeing Act 2008 – Sect 2008 16 Gerner v Victoria [2020]HCA 48 17. Gerner v Victoria [2020]HCA 48 18. Gerner v Victoria [2020]HCA 48 19. Gerner v Victoria [2020]HCA 48

Le g alI s s ue s Si nc eMa r c h2 02 0Lo c k d o wnDi r e c t i o n sh a v eb e e ni mp l e me n t e du n d e rs s2 0 0( 1 ) ( b )a n d( d )o ft hePub l i c He a l t ha n dWe l l b e i n gAc t20 0 9( Vi c ) ( PHW Ac t ) . Th eDi r e c t i o n si mp o s e d‘ v a r i o u sr e s t r i c t i o nso nt h e f r e e do mo fmo v e me n to fp e o pl ewi t h i nVi c t o r i a ’ .Ho we v e rt h epl a i nt i ffc l a i mst ha tt h e‘ Con s t i t u t i o n i mp l i c i t l ywa r r a n t s“ f r e e d o mo fmo v e me n t ” , b e i n gaf r e e d o m“ f o rt h ep e o pl ei na n do fAu s t r a l i a , me mb e r s o ft h eAus t r a l i a nb od yp ol i t i c , t omo v ewi t h i nt h eSt a t ewh e r et he yr e s i d ef r omt i met ot i me ,f ort h e p u r p os eo fp u r s u i n gp e r s on a l , r e c r e a t i o n a l ,c o mme r c i a la n dpo l i t i c a le n de a v o u ro rf ora n yr e a s o n, f r e ef r om 2 0 a r b i t r a r yr e s t r i c t i onofmo v e me n t ” ’ .

Th u st h ei s s uei sa sf o l l o we d :

1 . Whe t h e rt h e‘ c o n s t i t u t i o npr o v i d e sf o ra ni mp l i e df r e e d oma l l o wi n gp e o p l ei nAu s t r a l i a nt omo v e 2 1 wi t hi nt h es t a t ewh e r et h e yr e s i d ewi t h o ut a r b i t r a r yr e s t r i c t i onofmo v e me n t ’ .

Ge r n e ra r gu e dt h a tt h ef r e e d o mc ou l db ei mp l i e di nt h r e ed i ffe r e ntwa y s .Fi r s t l y ,t h ep l a i n t i ffa r g u e dt h a tt he f r e e do mc o u l db e‘ i mp l i e df r o mt h et e x ta n ds t r u c t ur eoft h eCo n s t i t u t i ona n di sl o g i c a l l ya n dp r a c t i c a l l y 2 2 n e c e s s a r yf o rt h ep r e s e r v a t i o no ft h ec o n s t i t u t i o n a ls t r u c t u r e ’ . Se c o n dl y , t h ep l a i n t i ffa r g u e dt h a tt he

f r e e do mc o u l db e‘ i mp l i e df r o mt h es y s t e mofr e p r e s e nt a t i v ea n dr e s p o ns i b l eg o v e r n me n te n s h r i n e di nt h e 2 3 Co n s t i t u t i o na sp a r to ft h ei mp l i e df r e e d o mo fpo l i t i c a lc o mmu n i c a t i o n ’ . Fi n a l l yGe r n e rc l a i me dt h a tt he

f r e e do mc o u l db e‘ i mp l i e da sa na s p e c to fs 9 2o ft h eCo n s t i t i t u t i o nwh i c hpr o v i d ef o rf r e et r a d eb e t we e n 2 4 Aus t r a l i a ns t a t e s ’ .

TheFi na lOr de r s “The plaintiffs claimed that ss 200(1)(b) and (d) of the PHW Act and the Lockdown Directions were invalid for infringing the alleged freedom of movement. The State of Victoria demurred to the plaintiffs’ claim on the ground the Constitution does not imply the freedom of movement for which the plaintiffs contended. The Court unanimously rejected each of the three arguments advanced by plaintiffs in support of the existence of that freedom. It therefore allowed the State’s demurrer. The plaintiffs did not plead that the PHW Act or the Lockdown Directions imposed any burden on political communication, or any burden on interstate trade, commerce or intercourse. Accordingly, the Court did not

consider whether the PHW Act or the Lockdown Directions infringed the implied freedom of political communication, or s 92 of the Constitution.”

Re as o nsf o rJ udg e me nt

TheHi ghCour the l dt ha t‘ nof r e e s t a nd i n ggu a r a nt e eoff r e e domt omo v ewhe r e v e ron ewi s he sf or wha t e v e rr e a s oni si mp l i c i ti nt heCo ns t i t ut i onona n yoft het hr e egr ou nd sc on t e nde df orb yt he 2 5 pl a i nt i ff s . ’ Fi r s t l yt hec ou r the l dt ha tt hel i mi t a t i onont he‘ l e gi s l a t i v ea nde x e c ut i v epo we roft he

Common we a l t hc ou l dno tbei mpl i e df r omt hef a c toff e d e r a t i on .Ra t he r , t hel e g a lna t ur ea nde ffe c tof t hef e de r a t i one s t a bl i s he db yt heCon s t i t ut i onc a nbekno wnon l yf r omt het e r msa nds t r uc t ur eoft he Con s t i t ut i oni t s e l f ;t ho s et e r msa n dt ha ts t r u c t ur epr o v i denos up por tf ort hel i mi t a t i ononpo we rf or 2 6 whi c ht hepl a i nt i ffsc on t e nd e d . ’ Se c ond l y ,t heCour the l dt ha tl e gi s l a t i n gl i mi t son‘ mo v e me ntt ha t

bu r de npol i t i c a lc ommun i c a t i onma yi nf r i n g et hei mp l i e df r e e d omofpol i t i c a lc ommun i c a t i on ,al i mi t 2 7 onmo v e me ntwhi c hdo e sno tha v eapo l i t i c a lc ha r a c t e rwi l lno t ’ . Fi na l l yt heCour the l dt ha ts e c t i on

92oft h eCon s t i t ut i on‘ do e sno ti mp l yaf r e e d omofmo v e me ntoft heki ndf orwhi c ht hepl a i nt i ffs c on t e nd e d .Suc ha ni mpl i c a t i onwou l dr e nd e rot i os et hede l i ne a t i onc l e a r l ydr a wnb yt het e xtofs92 be t we e npr o t e c t e di nt e r s t a t ei nt e r c ou r s ea ndi nt r a s t a t ei nt e r c ou r s ewh i c hi tdoe sno tpu r p or tt o 2 8 pr ot e c t ’ .

Ra t i onDe c i de ndi

TheHi ghCour t( Ki e f e lCJ , Ga g e l e r ,Ke a ne , Go r dona n dEde l ma nJ J )un a n i mou s l y ,a ndi nas ho r t , s i n g l es e tofr e a s ons , de t e r mi ne dt ha tt hef r e e dom,c on t e nd e df orb yt hepl a i nt i ffs ,di dno te xi s t . Att he ou t s e tt heHi ghCo ur tma det woke yob s e r v a t i on s .Fi r s t ,t heHi ghCour t ,a t[ 10 ] , ob s e r v e dt h a twhi l e , a tc ommo nl a w,pe opl ec oul dmo v ea b ou ta st he ys a wfit ,t hi sf r e e d omc oul dbel i mi t e db ys t a t ut e .As s uc h, ac ons t i t ut i on a lgua r a nt e eoff r e e d omo fmo v e me nti spr op e r l yund e r s t ooda sal i mi t a t i onon l e gi s l a t i v eore x e c ut i v epo we r( r e nde r i n gl e gi s l a t i ont ha te nc r oa c he sont hi sgua r a nt e ei n v a l i d )r a t he r t ha na“ p e r s on a lr i ght ” . Se c on d, t heHi ghCour t ,f or e s ha do wi n gi t sdi s mi s s a loft hea ppe a l ,ob s e r v e d , a t[ 12 ] ,t ha tt heor t ho do xvi e wi st ha tf r e e dom,ofc ommun i c a t i onormo v e me nt ,i spr ot e c t e db yt he Con s t i t ut i ononl y“ a sa na s pe c torc or ol l a r yoft hepr ot e c t i onoff r e e d omofpol i t i c a lc ommuni c a t i on” .

Part 3: Statutory Interpretation The issue at hand is whether Paul has breached the Mandatory Mask Wearing Act 2020 ...