Four Contingencies - Powerpoint and lecture notes with examples. PDF

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Four Contingencies  Reinforcement- increases the likelihood that a behavior will happen o Positive (SR+): presentation of something  Presentation of a consequences/stimulus following a response/behavior that leads to an increase in strength/likelihood of response  Example: Turn on TV see favorite show  Behavior results in the delivery of something that the recipient likes, so they are more likely to behave that way in the future o Negative (SR-): removal of something  Removal of consequence/ stimulus following response/behavior that leads to an increase in strength/likelihood of response  Two types of behaviors:  Escape behavior o Something aversive stops  Avoidance behavior o Prevents the delivery of the aversive item o  Punishment: decrease the likelihood that a behavior will happen o Positive (SP+): presentation of something  Add or give something  Presentation of consequences/stimulus following response/behavior that leads to a decrease in strength/likelihood of response  Example: talk back to boss get reprimanded o Negative (SP-): removal of something  Remove or take away something  Removal of consequence/stimulus following response/behavior that leads to an decrease in strength/likelihood of response  Example: get caught drinking grounded  Changes in one person’s behavior because of punishment can negatively reinforce the behavior of the person who implemented it o Example: girlfriend ignores me when i talk to other women  Negative punishment  Contingencies in the real world o Positive reinforcement is thought to work best  But we are drawn to punishment  Complaining, hitting, or bickering  Schools emphasized failure avoidance (negative reinforcer) over obtaining knowledge (positive reinforcer)  Immediate vs Delayed Reinforcement o The more immediate the reinforcement, the stronger the effect on behavior  Reward a dog for sitting vs, seeing cholesterol reduction after working out for six months

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Reinforcer can be presented either immediately after a behavior occurs or following some delay  Immediate reinforcement works the best Primary vs Secondary Reinforcers o Primary reinforcer (unconditioned)  Basic needs/desires  Food, water, proper temp, human contact o Could be physiological or psychological  Basically, things we (our species) were born to like o Secondary reinforcer (conditioned)  Reinforcement by association  Grades, money, nice cars  CSs associated with appetitive USs  Involve association; with acquiring resources that it works as a reinforcer  Generalized secondary reinforcer  A type of secondary reinforcer that has been associated with many other reinforcers o Money or social attention Intrinsic vs extrinsic reinforcement o Intrinsic reinforcement  The mere act of performing the behavior is reinforcing  Exercise because its invigorating  Party with friends because its fun o Extrinsic reinforcement  You need a little help/extra incentive to find it rewarding  Read the text to pass the exam Natural and contrived reinforcers o Natural reinforcers  Expected, typically, natural consequences  Sell merchandise, get money o Contrived reinforcers  Unexpected, deliberately arranged to modify behavior  Study for exam for 2 hours, watch an hour of Netflix  Contrived-not a typical consequence of the behavior within that setting Shaping o What happens when you want to reinforce a behavior that doesn’t naturally exist?  For example, if you want to reinforce a rat for shooting a basketball o Is to a way to teach an entirely new behavior  Training animals with a clicker, secondary reinforcer  Sound of clicker repeatedly paired with food so that it becomes a secondary reinforcer.

o Using sounds as a reinforce is that it can be presented immediately even if the animal is some distance away...