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POTENTIAL FREE RESPONSE CH 2 - 3 Types of Selection

- Hardy Weinberg - p2 + 2pq + q2 =1 - p2 = AA genotype (homozygous dominant) - 2pq = Aa genotype (heterozygous) - q2 = aa genotype (homozygous recessive) -p+q=1 - p = A allele - q = a allele

CH 3 - Shelford’s Law of Tolerance

- Internal Temperature vs External Temperature for Different Types of Thermoregulation

CH 4 - None, except maybe knowing what different biome graphs of temp vs precipitation look like.

CH 5 - None

CH 6 - None

CH 7 - Reaction Norms

CH 8 - Lincoln Method - N = (n1*n2)/nm - N = Total Population - n1 = Number marked initially - n2 = Number captured later - nm = Number of marked individuals captured later - Poisson Distribution - Describes a population distribution in which a population is distributed randomly. - Px = axe-a/(x!) - a = Number of individuals per square - x = Number of Occurrences - Px = Probability of x number of Occurrences - Example: 51 cacti in a 100-square grid, x = 2 (Meaning occurrence of 2 cacti in one square) - P2 = 0.512(e-0.51)/(2!) = 0.078 of the grid, so we expect 7.8 squares to contain 2 individuals. - If the grid actually did have 7.8 squares containing 2 individuals, then dispersal is random. - If the grid does not match our expected number, it is either: - Clumped: Actual/Expected < 1 - Regular: Actual/Expected > 1 - Say the actual occurrence is 3 squares: - 3/7.8 < 1, therefore it is clumped. - Say the actual occurrence is 25 squares

- 25/7.8 > 1, therefore it is regular. - Life Table - x = Age in years - nx = Number alive at age x - lx = Proportion surviving as fraction of newborn - dx = Number dying in age interval - Survivorship - Type 1: Low survival, the high survival, then high mortality - Type 2: Survivorship is constant - Type 3: High mortality, then low mortality

- Life Expectancy - Lx = (nx + nx+1) - Tx = Sum of all of the Lx up to its value of x. - ex = Tx / nx - Net Reproductive Rate - R0 = Sum of Ixbx columns

CH 9 - Exponential Growth Curve (No carrying capacity)

- Logistic Growth Curve

CH 10 - Energetic Investment vs Fitness Bellcurve

- Reproductive Value Curve

- Grime’s Triangle

- Bet Hedging Curve

CH 11 - Fundamental vs Realized Niche

- 4 Cases of Lotka-Volterra

- Equation: - N1 = K1 – (12N2) - N2 = K2 – (21N1) - If the carrying capacity for Species 2 is 1000, and the competition coefficient (α21) is 0.8, how many individuals of Species 1 does it take to maintain Species 2’s population growth rate at zero as its abundance approaches zero? - 0 = 1000 – (0.8*N1) - 1000/0.8 = N1 = 1250 - Representation of Character Displacement

CH 12 - Optimal Foraging Theory: Marginal Value Theorum

- X-Axis: Total Time (Partially travelling, partially hunting) - Y-Axis: Energy Gain - Slope of the Tangent Line: Rate of Energy Gain - Functional Responses:

- Type 1: Nothing preventing the predator from continually consuming prey. - Type 2: Goes from being limited by search time to being limited by handling time. - Type 3: Predator becomes more efficient as prey density increases but eventually levels out. - Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey Dynamics

CH 13 - Habitat Filtering vs Competition

- Community Similarity vs Phylogenetic Distance

CH 14

- Community Stability As a Function of the Size and Frequency of Distribution and Community Size

- Markov Chain (Base on the Probabilities of Moving From One Patch to Another)

- Resource Dynamics Following Disturbances

CH 15 - Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Diversity -  = Number of Different Species in One Patch -  = Number of Different Species in an Entire Community -  = /  - Species-Sampling Curve

- Rank-Abundance Curve

- ETIB Model (As a function of number of species)

- Extinction Rate depends on Area - Immigration Rate depends on Distance from the Mainland

CH 16 - Maybe like identifying how many levels are in a food web or how many omnivores in a food web.

CH 17 - Maybe looking at how many outlets and inputs are in the ecosystem budget....