Functions OF Shipping PDF

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FUNCTIONS OF SHIPPING TRANSPORTATION •

Shipping is concerned with the transport of cargo between seaports by ships. “Shipping” is a term that is open to interpretation. For some, “shipping” means ships and seaborne businesses. For others, “shipping” refers to any mode of transport that moves goods between two geographical points. Trends in the shipping business are moving towards the concept of economies of scale in operations, the development of network-based management, and the adoption of technology to improve efficiency and effectiveness. The varied interpretations of shipping imply that the shipping business has become increasingly dynamic and complex. Shipping is one of the world’s most internationalized industries.

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The shipping business involves the physical transport of cargoes from an area of supply to an area of demand, together with the activities required to support and facilitate such transport. A transport system involves three key components that

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1. fixed infrastructure such as ports or terminals;

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2. vehicles such as ships or barges using the fixed infrastructure to move cargoes;

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3. organizational systems necessary to ensure that the vehicles and the fixed infrastructure

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are used effectively and efficiently.

Types of Merchant Ship

Dry Cargo Ships (grain, coal, iron ore, cement, sugar, salt and sand)

General Cargo Vessels (Paper, wood, bags of cocoa, rolls of steel, parts of wind turbines)

Container Vessels (Container)

Reefer Vessels

Ro-Ro Vessels ( cars, busses, trucks, agricultural vehicles and cranes)

Liquid Cargo Ships(Crude oil, petrol, fuel oil, vegetable oils and even wine)

Crude Carriers

Chemical Carriers ( sulfuric and phosphoric acid )

Liquefied Gas Carriers (LNG,LPG)

Ship’s capacities Various ship’s dimensions are important for three main reasons as far as trading is concerned: the capacity of the ship to take cargo, the ability of the ship to enter a port and be accommodated at a loading or discharging berth and, lastly, the basis on which dues are assessed. Deadweight The ship’s deadweight or deadweight all told is the total weight of cargo, fuel, fresh water, stores and crew which the ship can carry when immersed to a particular load line, normally her summer load line. The deadweight is expressed in tons or tonnes. It is also referred to as the total deadweight. The combined weight of a ship’s stores and spares is called her constants. The deadweight cargo capacity or deadweight carrying capacity is simply the weight of cargo which the ship can carry when immersed to the same load line. Whereas deadweight reflects the weight of cargo able to be carried, a ship carrying conventional cargo also has a cubic capacity for cargo:Ships have two such capacities, corresponding to the two basic types of cargo: thebale capacity, or bale for short, is the total capacity of a ship’s holds available for the carriage of solid cargo, such as steel coils, which is not capable of filling the spaces between the ship’s frames. It is expressed in cubic metres or cubic feet; the grain capacity, or grain for short, is the number of cubic metres or cubic feet of space for free-flowing cargoes, such as grain—it includes the spaces between the ship’s frames and is therefore greater than the bale.

THE STOWAGE FACTOR indicates how many cubic metres of space one metric tonne (or cubic feet of space one long ton) of a particular type of cargo occupies in a hold of a cargo ship. The capacity of a containership is normally expressed intwenty foot-equivalent units (teu’s). That of a roll-on/roll-off ship is expressed in lane metres, with the total comprising the lane length of the ship.

Ship’s Dimensions Ports, and within ports, berths, have different lengths, widths and depths of water. As well, there are restrictions at locks, sand bars and river bridges. It is vital to know what these are and how they relate to the ship’s dimensions before scheduling or fixing a ship. The length overall is the maximum length between the extreme ends, forward and aft, of a ship. This measurement is often required to determine, for example, whether a ship can negotiate a particular lock or whether she can be accommodated at a specific berth. It is also known as theoverall length. The beam is the maximum breadth of a ship. This is sometimes a factor in determining whether a ship is able to be accommodated in a lock or whether the cranes at a port have a sufficient outreach to reach cargo on the seaward side.

The draught is the depth to which a ship is immersed in the water; this depth varies according to the design of the ship and will be greater or lesser depending not only on the weight of the ship and everything on board, such as cargo, ballast, fuel and spares, but also on the density of the water in which the ship is lying.

A ship’s draught is determined by reading her draught marks, a scale marked on the ship’s stem and stern. Every ship has a deadweight scale, a table which shows in columns a set of draughts with the ship’s corresponding deadweight tonnages when she is lying in salt water and fresh water. The quantity of cargo needed to immerse a ship one further centimetre is expressed in tonnes per centimetre. The corresponding Imperial measurement is tons per inch. Ships have a capacity plan, a document detailing the capacities of all the cargo spaces and all the tanks used for oil fuel, diesel oil, lubricating oil, fresh water and water ballast.The capacities are expressed in cubic metres or cubic feet and, in the case of tanks, the quantity in tonnes or tons which they can hold.

The air draught is one of three possible distances:

(1 the maximum height from the water-line to the topmost point of a ship, that is, the superstructure ) or the highest mast. This information is required for ships having to navigate bridges; (2 the clearance between the topmost point of a ship and a bridge over a river; ) (3 the maximum height from the water-line to the top of the hatch coamings. ) Register tonnages All ships have register tonnages on which the various dues, such as port dues and pilotage, are charged. The gross tonnage is a figure representing the total of all the enclosed spaces, arrived at by means of a formula which has as its basis the volume measured in cubic metres. This has replaced the gross register tonnage or gross registered tonnage. The net tonnage is similarly calculated but on the basis solely of the enclosed spaces within a ship that are available for cargo. The net tonnage has replaced the net register tonnage or net registered tonnage.

Ships are measured by a surveyor for this purpose and a Tonnage Certificate issued, showing the various tonnages.

Alternative spelling: draf Associated abbreviations: dwat deadweight all told dwcc deadweight cargo capacity or deadweight carrying capacity dwt deadweight f&cc full and complete cargo grt gross register tonnage or gross registered tonnage gt gross tonnage lbp length between perpendiculars lm lane metre(s) loa length overall nrt net register tonnage or net registered tonnage nt net tonnage tdw tonnes deadweight teu twenty-foot equivalent unit tpc tonnes per centimetre tpi tons per inch Types of Cargo

Merchant ships are designed to carry cargo. This cargo may be divided into two basic types: bulk cargo (unpacked) and general cargo (packed). Bulk Cargoes fall into two basic categories: dry bulk and liquid bulk. Each type is carried in different ways for different reasons.

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