General-Biology-2 -4QT Week-1-4edited PDF

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Republic of the PhilippinesDepartment of EducationREGION IV-ASCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCETANZA NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOLSENIOR HIGH SCHOOL####### DAANG AMAYA II, TANZA, CAVITEGeneral Biology 2Learner’s PacketSecond Semester4 th Quarter, 2020-TANZA NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH S...

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Republic of the Philip Philippines pines

Department of Education REGION IV-A SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCE

TANZA NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DAANG AMAYA II, TANZA, CAVITE

General Biology 2 Learner’s Packet

Second Semester 4th Quarter, 2020-2021

TANZA NATIONAL COM COMPREHENSIV PREHENSIV PREHENSIVE E HIGH SCHOOL Address: Daang Amaya II, Tanza, Cavite 4108 Telephone No.: (046) 450-0253 / (046) 454-5532 (Senior High School) E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected]

Learner’s Packet

General Biology 2

Grade 1 11/12 1/12

Second Semester 4th

Note to the Learners This learner packet is designed for you to have a meaningful learning opportunities and experiences for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. The packet has the following parts and icon:

Introduction

evelopment

Engagement

This part, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills. This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic.

Assimilation

This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment

This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency.

The following are some reminders in using this learning packet: 1. Use the learning packet with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the learning packet. Use a separate sheet of short bond paper in answering the exercises, activities including the assimilation and assessment. 2. Do not forget to answer each part before moving on to the other activities included in the learning packet. 3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task. 4. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next 5. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 6. Use the answer keys provided at the back of the learning packet in checking your activities and exercises. 7. Return the answer sheet of exercises, activities, assimilation and assessment on the submission date. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your subject teacher or adviser. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

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Learner’s Packet

General Biology 2

Grade 1 11/12 1/12

Second Semester 4th

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it! WEEK 1: Processes in Plants and Animals (Reproduction, Development and Nutrition)

Here are the following learning competencies expected to be covered at the end of the unit:

Content Standards

Performance Standards

Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC’s)

Specific Learning Outcomes

Content Learner’s Materials Pages Textbook Pages

The learners demonstrate Plant and Animal Organ Systems and their Functions The learners should be able to Develop a presentation (e.g. role-playing, dramatization and other forms of multimedia) to show how an organism maintains homeostasis through the interaction of the various organ systems in the body. The learners compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals: reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange, transport/ circulation, regulation of body fluids, chemical and nervous control, immune systems, and sensory and motor mechanisms. STEM_BIO11/12-IVa-h-1 The learners 1. differentiate asexual from sexual reproduction; 2. describe different modes of sexual and asexual reproduction; 3. describe the different stages of animal development; 4. describe human reproductive organ systems; 5. define nutrition and cite the nutritional requirements of plants and animals; 6. enumerate and describe the main stages of digestion; and 7. describe the organs involved in digestion Processes in Plants and Animals (Reproduction, Development and Nutrition) General Biology II Teacher’s Guide pp. 148-195

Learning Resources

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Learner’s Packet

General Biology 2

Grade 1 11/12 1/12

Second Semester 4th

Lesson 1: Reproduction and Development

INTRODUCTION In some way or another, all plants and animals around the world reproduce as a way of bringing in new generations and slowly initiating changes in the species. Some ways of copulation seem identical to the mating processes of mankind, such as most, but not all, mammalian reproduction, whereas others seem foreign by contrast. The fertilization process occurs both in plants and in animals. Of course, there are variations in the details and mechanisms. Some of the similarities, on the other hand, are striking. The moss plant, for instance, has both swimming sperm cells and eggs. Fertilization happens in the moss plant by the sperm swimming to the egg. Reproduction is also carried out by vertebrate animals via sperm and eggs. Activity: Pick and Assign Directions: Listed below are words that are related to plant reproduction and animal reproduction. Determine which words are associated with plant reproduction, animal reproduction or both. Write the words on the labeled table below. Cuttings

Double fertilization

Male gamete

Female gamete

Pollination

Testes

Male and female parent

Zygote

Ovary

Plant Reproduction

Animal Reproduction

Both Plant and Animal Reproduction

Guide Questions: 1. What are the word related to plant and animal reproduction? 2. How will you differentiate the organ present in plant and animal reproduction?

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Learner’s Packet

General Biology 2

Grade 1 11/12 1/12

Second Semester 4th

VELOPMENT In living species, reproduction is a distinctive feature. Over the years, all living species have survived and grown by way of reproduction. Living organisms reproduce and give rise to similar organisms of the same species. Different species have different reproduction methods and processes. Modes of Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Reproduction is the biological mechanism by which the parents create new species known as the offspring. It consists of two forms: sexual and asexual reproduction. The distinction between the two forms lies in the required number of parents for both types. Two parents are required for sexual reproduction to give birth to the offspring. One single parent will give birth to the offspring in asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is commonly seen in plants, but in the animal kingdom, it is less common. Types of asexual reproduction Binary Fission Bacteria and amoeba typically use this method of reproduction. The DNA of the parent bacteria replicates itself in this form of reproduction and then the cell divides into two halves, each half having its own DNA. Therefore, the parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells. These daughter cells are identical to the parent cell.

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Binary_Fission_2.svg Budding In this type of asexual reproduction process, the offspring grow on the parent body from a bud-like structure. This is usually seen in Echinodermata and hydra. The buds fall off the parent body once large enough, and begin their independent life.

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Learner’s Packet

General Biology 2

Grade 1 11/12 1/12

Second Semester 4th

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hydra_Budding.svg Fragmentation The parent organism splits into several fragments or segments in this form of asexual mode of reproduction, where each of the fragments evolves into a new organism. Starfishes, which exhibit sexual reproduction, also exhibit this type of asexual reproduction in which an entirely new organism may be produced by a part of its body, such as its arm.

Source: https://www.shutterstock.com/search/fragment+planaria Parthenogenesis The female organism of the species generates eggs without fertilization in this process of asexual reproduction, and the offspring emerge from that. Lizards, few insects and some fishes reproduce in this way. This reproductive form is not seen in mammals. This kind of asexual reproduction is seen in both plants and animals.

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Learner’s Packet

General Biology 2

Grade 1 11/12 1/12

Second Semester 4th

Types of asexual reproduction in plants Vegetative propagation This process of asexual reproduction takes place in the stems of certain plants from certain buds that emerge on their leaves or stems, giving rise to new plants. Tuber (potato), bulb (onion), stolon or runner (strawberry), rhizome(ginger), sucker (banana), stem cutting (rose) and leaf (welcome plant) are used as an example of such propagation. Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction involves two separate parents that belong to the opposite sex. Both plants and animals exhibit this kind of reproduction. Flowering plants undergo sexual reproduction. Flower A flower is the sexual reproductive organ in plants. Flowers are often the most attractive structures of a plant. The flower’s anatomy can be divided into following parts: Calyx These are green petal-like structures located right above the receptacle called the base of the flower. Calyx is made up of sepals. Their primary task is to safeguard the flower while it is still in the bud process. Corolla Corolla is the name given to the collective colorful petals of the flower. The petals of various flowers are found in different colors and are often fragrant much of the time. It is the petals that attract the pollinating agents. The corolla is found above the calyx layer. Androecium The male reproductive section of a flower is the androecium. It is made up of a series of stamens. Each stamen at the top of it consists of a filament and anther. The anthers are lobed structures that produce the male gamete-containing pollen. Gynoecium The gynoecium is the female reproductive organ of the flower. It is composed of the ovary, style, and stigma. The style is a slender filament on top of which lies the stigma that works to retain pollen grains that are transferred. Once the pollen lands on the stigma, it is moved downward to the ovary via the style. The ovary is lobed and composed of the female gamete-containing ovules. Pollination and Fertilization The pollen grains and ovules by themselves cannot travel from one place to another. There are other factors such as wind, water, or animals that enable the pollen grains to travel to reach the stigma of the same or another flower. In plants, fertilization, which occurs after pollination and germination, is a sexual reproduction process.

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Learner’s Packet

General Biology 2

Grade 1 11/12 1/12

Second Semester 4th

Fertilization can be defined as the fusion of the male gametes (pollen) to form a diploid zygote with the female gametes (ovum). It is a physicochemical mechanism that happens after the carpel is pollinated. In the zygote, the full sequence of this process takes place to develop into a seed. Flowers play an important role in the fertilization process, since they are angiosperm reproductive structures (flowering plants). When gametes in haploid conditions fuse to create a diploid zygote, the process of fertilization in plants occurs. After the pollination of the carpel, the pollen grain germinates and evolves into the style by forming the pathway to transfer the pollen grain down to the ovary. Types of Fertilization Fertilization process can be grouped into three types and are classified mainly based on the entry of the pollen tube into the ovule. Porogamy It is the common type of fertilization carried out in all angiosperms or flowering plants. In this type of fertilization, the pollen tube enters the ovule through the micropyle. Chalazogamy This type of fertilization is carried out on all Casuarina species of plants. In this condition, the pollen tube enters the ovule through the pollen tube. Mesogamy This type of fertilization is seen in all Cucurbit plants, such as pumpkin, ridge gourds, bitter gourd and other gourd plants. In this type of fertilization, the pollen tube enters the ovule through its middle part or through the integuments of the ovule. Double Fertilization Double fertilization is a fertilization process characterized by the fusion of two male gametes with a female gametophyte. One sperm cell in this process fuses with the egg-producing zygote, and the other fuses to create the endosperm with the two polar nuclei. Both angiosperm plants undergo a dual process of fertilization. Reproduction in Human Beings In human beings, reproduction is by sexual reproduction in which both male and female gametes fertilize to give birth to a zygote that develops into an embryo. Fertilization takes place within the female's body thus, called internal fertilization. The Male Reproductive System The penis is the male organ for sexual intercourse and urination. Semen and urine leave the penis through the urethra. The scrotum is a loose, pouch-like sack of skin that covers the testicles and hangs behind the penis. The scrotum has a protective role, including maintaining

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Learner’s Packet

General Biology 2

Grade 1 11/12 1/12

Second Semester 4th

optimum temperatures for the survival and function of the sperm. The tests must maintain a temperature slightly cooler than natural body temperature in order to produce sperm. Special muscles contract and relax in the wall of the scrotum to move the testicles close to the body. Located at the back of the testis is the epididymis that binds to the vas deferens. Its function is to store sperm and carry it. The testis is the site of testosterone production. Seminiferous tubules are the coiled collection of tubes within the testicles. Spermatogenesis takes place within these tubules. The male reproductive system's internal organs are called accessory organs. They include the vas deferens, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands. The vas deferens transports mature sperm to the urethra during ejaculation. Seminal vesicles are sac-like pouches that bind near the base of the bladder to the vas deferens. The vesicles produce molecules which serve as energy sources for sperm, such as fructose. Much of the amount of a man's ejaculate consists of the seminal vesicle fluid. The prostate gland is a walnut sized organ in front of the rectum situated below the urinary bladder. It adds extra fluid to the ejaculate, which acts as sperm nourishment. Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands are pea-sized structures situated just below the prostate gland on the sides of the urethra. These glands contain a slick, clear fluid that empties into the urethra directly. The fluid produced by these glands lubricates the urethra and neutralizes residual urine-related acidity.

Figure 5. The male reproductive system Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Male_anatomy_en.svg The Female Reproductive System There are two main parts of the human female reproductive system: the uterus and the ovaries, which contain egg cells for a woman. The uterus hosts the fetus that is developing. It also produces vaginal and uterine secretions. It also passes the anatomically male sperm through to the fallopian tubes. The ovaries produce the anatomically female eggs. They also produce and secrete progesterone and estrogen.

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Learner’s Packet

General Biology 2

Grade 1 11/12 1/12

Second Semester 4th

These sections are internal; the vagina, which contains the labia, clitoris, and urethra, enters the external organs at the vulva. The vagina is connected via the cervix to the uterus, while the uterus, through the fallopian tubes, is attached to the ovaries. The ovaries produce an ovum at certain times, which passes into the uterus through the fallopian tube. If it meets sperm during this transit, the sperm penetrates and merges with the egg, fertilizing it. Generally, fertilization occurs in the oviducts, but can occur in the uterus itself. Then the zygote implants itself in the uterine wall, where the embryogenesis and morphogenesis process starts.

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Male_anatomy_en.svg When sufficiently developed to survive outside the womb, the cervix dilates and uterine contractions drive the fetus through the birth canal (vagina). The ova are larger than sperm and they are formed by the time a female baby is born. In anticipation of fertilization, an oogenesis process matures one ovum approximately every month to be sent down the fallopian tube attached to its ovary. This egg is flushed out of the system by menstruation if not fertilized. The vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, and ovary are the anatomically female inner reproductive organs. Mons pubis, pudendal cleft, labia majora, labia minora, Bartholin's glands, and clitoris form the external components.

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Learner’s Packet

General Biology 2

Grade 1 11/12 1/12

Second Semester 4th

Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development in Humans Fertilization and early embryonic development is a complex and well-regulated mechanism in which an organism grows from a single-celled zygote into a multi-cellular organism. For ensuring the health of the body, the early stages of embryonic development are also important. The process of gametes (an egg and sperm) fusing to form a zygote is fertilization. There is one set of chromosomes each in the egg and sperm. Just one sperm must unite with one egg to ensure that the child has only one full diploid set of chromosomes. In mammals, a layer of extracellular matrix composed primarily of glycoproteins called zona pellucida protects the egg. A series of biochemical processes, called acrosomal reactions, take place when a sperm binds to the zona pellucida. The acrosome produces digestive enzymes in placental mammals that initiate the degradation of the glycoprotein matrix that protects the egg and enables the sperm plasma membrane to fuse with the egg plasma membrane. A variety of biochemical processes, called acrosomal reactions, take place when a sperm binds to the zona pellucida. The acrosome produces digestive enzymes in placental mammals that initiate the degradation of the glycoprotein matrix that protects the egg and enables the plasma sperm membrane to fuse with the plasma egg membrane (Figure 7). To ensure that no more than one sperm fertilizes the egg, the egg releases proteins in other places until the acrosomal reactions occur at one position of the egg membrane to prevent other sperm from fusing with the egg. Multiple sperm can fuse with the egg if this mechanism fails, resulting in polyspermia. The embryo that results is not genetically viable and dies within a couple of days.

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2901_Sperm_Fertilization.jpg Cleavage and Blastula Stage A single-celled zygote, which undergoes rapid cell division to form the blastula, starts the growth of multi-cellular species. The rapid, multiple cell division rounds are called cleavage. After over 100 cells have been formed by cleavage, the embryo is called a blastula.

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Learner’s Packet

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