GEOG CH16-17 exam review questions PDF

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Homework Questions for Chapter 16. 1. The chemical composition of seawater may be affected by A. the atmosphere only. B. sediments only. C. marine organisms only D. minerals only. E. the atmosphere, marine organisms, minerals, and ocean sediments. 2. The worldwide average salinity of seawater is A. 5%. B. 3.5%. C. 45%. D. 55%. E. 75%. 3. Worldwide salinity varies between ________ and ________. A. 3%; 10% B. 30%; 40% C. 47%; 51% D. 65%; 67% E. 67%; 74% 4. Seawater with less than 3.5% is termed A. brackish. B. brine. C. metahaline. D. freshwater. E. saline. 5.

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Latitudinal variation of surface salinity and temperature In which of the following region would you expect to have the highest levels of seawater salinity? A. equatorial oceans B. subtropical oceans C. polar oceans D. midlatitude oceans E. subarctic oceans 6. Higher than average seawater salinity may results from A. the influx of river water into the ocean. B. stagnation of water in a floodplain swamp. C. high evapotranspiration rates. D. heavy rainfall and low temperatures. E. melting of sea ice.

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The ocean’s physical structure. Schematic of the average vertical zonation as sampled along a line from Greenland to the South Atlantic. 7. Within the mixing zone and thermocline, average temperature and salinity A. decrease with depth. B. increase with depth. C. remain fairly constant with depth. D. decrease within the mixing zone, but increases within the thermocline. E. remain constant within the mixing zone, but increase within the thermocline. 8. Which of the following is true of the Earth's coastlines? A. Most of the Earth's coastlines are relatively young and undergoing continuous change. B. The Earth's coastlines are among the oldest landforms on the planet. C. There are few inputs that directly affect the Earth's coastlines beyond tidal action. D. The Earth's coastlines show a remarkable degree of similarity across the planet. E. The erosion and deposition that shape coastlines are caused by marine forces, alone. 9. Which of the following is incorrect regarding the littoral zone? A. It spans both land and water. B. Landward, it extends to the highest waterline reached on shore during a storm. C. In general usage, it only includes the foreshore area of coastal environments. D. Seaward it extends to where water is too deep for storm waves to move sediments. E. It shifts over time as sea level varies. 10. Mean sea level A. is a consistent value yet to be determined due to the variables involved in producing the tides. B. is at the same level along the entire North American coast. C. is based on average tidal levels recorded hourly at a given site over a period of many years. D. has very little variability across all ocean basins and, therefore, is treated as an absolute value. E. is constant enabling scientist to determine a single value thereof, though there are local minor variations.

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11. Which of the following is not responsible for changes in sea level? A. glaciation B. thermal expansion C. melting sea ice D. land surface uplift E. extraction of groundwater 12. Which of the following is not correct regarding tides? A. They are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the Sun. B. They are complex twice daily oscillations in sea level. C. They are influenced by the size, depth, and topography of ocean basins. D. They are influenced by shoreline configuration and latitude. E. They also exist in large lakes, though tidal range is often small. 13. Underwater turbines powered by the movement of flood and ebb tides are known as A. tidal barrages. B. tidal bulges. C. spring tides. D. neap tides. E. tidal stream generators. 14. Which of the following is true regarding wave movement in open water? A. Water particles are vertically compressed, causing friction with the ocean floor. B. Waves are more closer spaced and typically higher than those near shore. C. Water doesn't advance; rather, wave energy moves through the fluid medium of water. D. The greatest motion of individual water particles occurs at depths greater than one-half the wave length. E. The crest of the wave rises to a height that exceeds its vertical stability, leading to breakers. 15. As a wave approaches the shoreline and enters shallower water, energy and water move forward causing the water to rise and cascade down from the wave crest as a breaker. These waves are called A. waves of translation. B. swells. C. waves of transition. D. tidal waves. E. a wave train. 16. Wave action works to straighten a coast as wave energy focuses around headlands and tends to disperse energy in coves and bays in a process called A. longshore current. B. breakers. C. wave refraction. D. tidal bore. E. wave train. 17. A longshore current involves all of the following except A. effective wind direction. B. effective wave direction. C. waves of transition. D. transportation of large amounts of sediment and debris. 4

E. depositional coastline features. 18. An earthquake, a submarine landslide, or an eruption of an undersea volcano is capable of producing a A. tsunami. B. tidal wave. C. slow-moving giant swell. D. wave in the harbor. E. breaker. 19. Areas in which the land is typically rising in relation to sea level are called A. emergent coastlines. B. submergent coastlines. C. wave refraction. D. tidal bore. E. longshore coastlines. 20. Undercutting action of the sea results in A. barrier splits. B. sea cliffs. C. lagoons. D. tombolos. E. sea terrace. 21. A wave-cut platform is the erosional remnant of a A. barrier island. B. spit. C. tombolo. D. cliff. E. sea stack. 22. Which of the following is not an example of an erosional coastal landform? A. sea arch B. tombolo C. wave-cut platform D. notched cliff E. sea terrace 23. A shallow saltwater body cut off from the ocean by a bay barrier is known as a A. barrier spit. B. lagoon. C. tombolo. D. baymouth bar. E. wave-built terrace.

24. A ________ is deposited sediment that connects a shoreline with an offshore island. A. barrier spit B. lagoon C. tombolo D. baymouth bar 5

E. beach 25. Beaches are A. places where sediment is stable and unchanging. B. permanent coastal features. C. places along the coast where sediment is reworked and deposited. D. always composed of sand. E. the near coastal area that ranges from the high tide point to the highest on shore waterline. 26. Groins, jetties, and breakwaters are examples of ________ shoreline protection whereas beach nourishment is an example of ________ shoreline protection. A. practical; impractical B. artificial; natural C. natural; artificial D. soft; hard E. hard; soft 27.

Interfering with the littoral drift of sand These features, here from Lake Michigan, disrupt sediment movement along a coast. A. breakwaters B. groins C. jetties D. tombolos E. drift 28. Long, narrow depositional features of sand that form offshore roughly parallel to the coast are called A. tombolos. B. barrier beaches. 6

C. baymouth bar. D. groins. E. tidal inlet. 29. Barrier beaches and islands occur worldwide, lying offshore of nearly ________% of Earth's coastlines. A. 10 B. 25 C. 50 D. 70 E. 90 30. Coral and zooxanthellae have a reciprocal relationship in which the zooxanthellae perform photosynthesis, providing the coral with nutrition and helping with the calcification process. In return, the coral provide the algae with nutrients. This is an example of a(n. ________ relationship. A. parasitic B. opportunistic C. symbiotic D. predator/prey E. allelopathic 31. When coral expel their own nutrient-supplying algae, a phenomena called ________ often follows. A. bleaching B. symbiosis C. massive coral mortality (mcm. D. coloration E. reef deterioration 32. Large, lithified formations of calcium carbonate formed from both living and skeletal coral colonies are called A. atolls. B. coral reefs. C. barrier islands. D. tombolos. E. zooxanthellae. 33. An atoll is approximately ________ in shape because it forms ________. A. circular; around sea stacks B. circular; around submerged volcanic islands C. linear; along barrier islands D. linear; along continental shorelines E. rectilinear; geologic faults

34. Threats to mangrove swamps include all of the following except A. overharvesting. B. pollution from agricultural runoff. C. storm surges. 7

D. climate change. E. mangrove planting 35. Planting mangroves helps A. protect corals only. B. restore marine and terrestrial habitat only. C. protect against tsunami damage only. D. protect corals and restore marine and terrestrial habitat. E. protect corals, restore marine and terrestrial habitat, and protect against tsunami damage. 36. Approximately, what percentage of the Earth's freshwater is frozen? A. 10% B. 15% C. 25% D. 50% E. 75% 37. The portion of Earth consisting of perennially frozen freshwater, saltwater, and ground is known as the A. biosphere. B. atmosphere. C. lithosphere. D. hydrosphere. E. cryosphere. 38. Which of the following is correct regarding the snowline? A. It increases in elevation with increasing latitude. B. It decreases in elevation with increasing latitude. C. It occurs at approximately the same elevation at all latitudes because the environmental lapse rate is approximately the same at all latitudes. D. It varies randomly and unpredictably. E. It occurs at approximately the same elevation at all longitudes because the environmental lapse rate is approximately the same at all longitudes. 39. Why is glacial ice analogous to a metamorphic rock? A. It has a definite chemical composition. B. It has a crystalline structure. C. It forms as a result of recrystallization caused by pressure. D. It is solid. E. It is inorganic. 40. The transformation of snow into glacial ice in Antarctica takes ________ than (as. In midlatitude alpine glaciers because ________. A. less time; more snow fall in the polar regions each year speeds the glacier formation process B. less time; there is more melting and refreezing in the midlatitudes and, therefore, it takes much longer there C. longer; the long summer days in Antarctica (up to 24-hours. results in more sunlight impeding the glacier development process D. longer; the dryness of the Antarctic climate and minimal snowfall (1000yrs) as compared to wetter climates with constant snowfall (several years)

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E. approximately the same time; the processes and conditions for formation are the same in both regions 41. The process of calving produces A. moraines. B. nunataks. C. tidewater glacier. D. icebergs. E. ice sheets. 42. An extensive, continuous mass of ice covering a continental scale is known as a(n. A. tidal glacier. B. ice sheet. C. piedmont glacier. D. tidewater glacier. E. ice cap. 43. In terms of areal extent, which of the following sequences is ordered from largest to smallest extent covered? A. ice sheet, ice field, ice cap, alpine glacier B. ice sheet, ice cap, ice field, alpine glacier C. alpine glacier, ice field, ice cap, ice sheet D. ice sheet, alpine glacier, ice field, ice cap E. ice cap, alpine glacier, ice sheet, ice field 44. A glacier's mass balance is determined by A. accumulation only. B. ablation only. C. sublimation only. D. both accumulation and ablation. E. accumulation, ablation, and sublimation. 45. An asymmetrical hill of exposed bedrock produced by plucking and abrasion is known asa(n. A. esker. B. drumlin. C. roche moutonnée. D. bergschrund. E. arête. 46. A(n. ________ is a valley carved by a small tributary glacier stranded high above the mail valley floor because the primary glacier eroded the main valley much deeper. A. col B. horn C. hanging valley D. arête E. tarns 47. A long, narrow glacially-eroded inlets in which the sea extends inland are known as A. cirques. B. fjords. C. tarns. 9

D. paternoster. E. arêtes. 48. The general term for all glacial deposits is A. alluvium. B. erg. C. glacial drift. D. talus. E. erratics. 49. Sediments deposited by glacial ice are ________; material deposited by glacial meltwater are ________. A. sorted; sorted B. unsorted; unsorted C. unsorted; sorted D. sorted; unsorted E. both sorted and unsorted; unsorted 50. The presence of till indicates A. deposition by water. B. deposition by a glacier. C. deposition by wind. D. deposition of unknown origin (wind, water, or glacial.. E. recent orogeny. 51 A class of landforms formed by the accumulation of glacial till is known as A. drift. B. alluvium. C. outwash.c mn D. moraines. E. drumlins. 52. A deposition of till that forms behind a terminal moraine as the glacier retreats and is generally spread widely across the ground surface is called a(n. A. outwash plain. B. till plain. C. drumlin swarm. D. lateral moraine. E. recessional moraine. 53. The term "periglacial" refers to A. areas that are on top of a glacier. B. regions that are too warm for ground ice. C. cold climate processes along the margins of glaciers. D. process and effects that existed during the last ice age. E. regions which experience winter freezing and summer melt. 54. Which of the following is correct regarding permafrost? A. It develops where soil or rock temperatures are below freezing for at least two years. B. It primarily occurs in areas covered with glaciers. C. The surface layer of permafrost never thaws, even in the warm season. 10

D. It tends to occur at lower elevations in the midlatitudes than in the high latitudes. E. The greatest areas of permafrost are found in the Southern Hemisphere. 55. The slow flow of soil from higher to lower elevations during the thaw cycle is known as A. pingo. B. talik. C. solifluction. D. slump. E. slide. 56. Which of the following is not an adaptation to living in periglacial regions? A. buildings placed directly on frozen, hard surfaces B. enclosed water and sewage lines C. raised oil pipelines above the frozen ground D. careful maintenance of rail tracks and roadbeds in the summer E. structures built above the ground 57. Glaciation can take about ________ years, whereas deglaciation requires about ________ years. A. 1,000; 100 B. 100; 1000 C. 1,000; 10,000 D. 100,000; 10,000 E. 10,000; 90,000 58. The term "pluvial" refers to A. any extended period of wet conditions. B. interglacial periods. C. any glaciofluvial process. D. regions of drought during the Pleistocene glaciation. E. large lakes, such as the Great Lakes, carved by the Pleistocene glaciation. 59. During the Pleistocene, pluvial lakes formed in the ________ United States as a result of ________. A. southwestern; melting glaciers B. southwestern; extended periods of wet conditions C. northeastern; ice deposits in till plains D. northeastern; melting glaciers E. southeastern; extended periods of wet conditions 60. The increase in melt ponds across polar regions absorb more insolation and become warmer. This leads to more melting, which creates more melt ponds. This is an example of ________. A. negative feedback B. steady state equilibrium C. positive feedback D. dynamic equilibrium E. homeostasis

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