Geography 300 Final Study Guide PDF

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This study guide contains all concepts that you need to know for the final exam...

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Migration: is a permanent move to a new location. It is a specific type of relocation diffusion, which was defined as the spread of a characteristic through the bodily movement of people from one place to another. It is a form of mobility. Circulation: short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular bases, such as daily, monthly, seasonal, or annually. Emigration: migration FROM a location. Immigration: migration TO a location. Net Migration: the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants. Positive = in-migration. Negative = out-migration. Migration Laws: (1) The distance that migrants move. (2) The reasons migrants move. (3) The characteristics of migrants. Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country. Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity. Most people migrate for economic reasons. Cultural and environmental reasons also induce migration, although not as frequently as economic reasons. Most long-distance migrates were male. Most long-distance migrants were adult individuals rather than families with children. Migration Transition: changes in a society comparable to those in the demographic transition, change in the migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition. Distance-decay principle: the farther away a place is located, the less likely that people will migrate to it. International Migration: Least common. A permanent move from one country to another. Primarily for stage 2 counties. Voluntary Migration: migrant has chosen to move, usually for economic reasons and sometimes for environmental reasons. Forced Migration: migrant has been compelled to move by cultural or environmental factors.

Internal Migration: A permanent move within the same country. Primarily for stage 3 and 4 countries. Interregional Migration (between): movement from one region of a country to another such as from rural to urban areas in search of jobs, and state to state. Intraregional Migration (within, inside): Most common. movement within one region, such as within urban areas, from older cities to newer suburbs, city to city, and county to county. Rural to urban (developing countries). Cities to suburbs (developed countries). Stage 1 (low NIR, high CBR, high CDR): High daily or seasonal mobility in search of food. Stage 2 (high NIR, high CBR, rapidly falling CDR): High international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban areas. Stage 3 (Declining NIR, rapidly declining CBR, declining CDR): High international immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs. Stage 4 (low NIR, low CBR, low CDR): Same as stage 3. NIR: Natural increase rate. CBR: Crude birth rate. CDR: Crude death rate. Push Factor: induces people to move out of their present location. Pull Factor: induces people to move into a new location. Refugee: forced to migrate to another country to avoid the effects violence. Internally Displace Person (IDP): forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but not migrated across an international border. Asylum Seeker: Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee. Remittance: transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated. Unauthorized immigrants: those who enter without proper documents. Brain drain: large-scale emigration by talented people. Chain of migration: migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Guest worker: Immigrants from poorer countries are allowed to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs. Circular migration: temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment. Three components of Culute: (1) Material artifacts – the visible elements that a group possesses and leaves behind for the future. (2) Values – language and religion. (3) Political institutions – the social forms that maintain values and protect the artifacts. Folk Culture: Traditionally practiced primarily by small, homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas. Popular Culture: found in large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics. Characteristics of Culture: (1) Learned (through process of enculturation. (2) Shared (through language and religion) (through rules, laws, and values). (3) Ideas about. (4) Patterns of behavior. Enculturation: the gradual acquisition of the characteristics and norms of a culture or group by a person, another culture, etc. The process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in that culture. As part of this process, the influences that limit, direct, or shape the individual (whether deliberately or not) include parents, other adults, and peers. If successful, enculturation results in competence in the language, values, and rituals of the culture. Assimilation: process of giving up cultural traditions, such as food and clothing preferences, and adoption of the social customs of the dominant culture of the place. Acculturation: process of adjustment to the dominant culture, while retaining features of a folk culture, or syncretism. Religion: divided into three parts Congregation: local assembly of persons brought together for common religious worship. Denomination: unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body. Branch: large and fundamental division within a religion. The branch is the first division. A denomination is a division within the branch. A sect is a small denominational group that has broken away from an established denomination.

Ethnicity: identity with a group of people who share the cultural tradition of a particular homeland or hearth. Race: identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait, such as skin color. Nationality: identity with a group of people who share legal attachment to a particular country. Nationalism: loyalty and devotion to a nationality. State: an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs. Defined boundaries, an effective government, international recognition of its formal independence, full sovereignty, organized economy and circulation system, and permanent resident population. Example: country Nation: the largest human grouping characterized by a common origin or ancestry. A territorially based community of people who usually have similar language or religion, a common history (real or imagined), and accepted social ways of behavior that give it a common culture. Nation-state: a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity. A state that has the same boundaries as a nation. Multiethnic state: a state that contains more than one ethnicity. Multinational state: a state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of selfdetermination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. Multistate nation: nation that transcends the borders of two or more states. Province: A first-level administrative subregion of a state. Example: states in the U.S. Homeland: Perceived ancestral territory of a nation. Regional Autonomy: Limited self-rule for a region within the larger state. Ethnonationalism: a strong feeling of belonging to a nation that is minority within a state, has its own distinctive homeland within the state’s territory, and has deeply rooted feelings that are different from the rest of the state’s population. Within the political borders. Political borders don’t change. Irredentism: a movement to reunite a nation’s homeland when part of it is contained within another state. The piece of homeland that is ruled by the other state is known as an irredenta. Changes political borders. Secession: Complete break-off of a region into an autonomous, independent state. This occurs when a separatist movement achieves its goal....