Gerunds AND Infinitives PDF

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GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES 1. What did you understand from the first link English Grammar Gerund or Infinitive, like swimming or like to swim. Give some examples. Gerund is a noun or a verb + -ing. Example: - I went swimming. Infinitive form is to + base verb. Example: - I like to swim. ATTENTION: I like to swimming is not correct. We can never have a gerund or an infinitive at the same sentence. We must choose one or other.

2. Summarise what you read on the slides on gerunds and infinitives. GERUNDS VERB + GERUND The gerund has the same form as the present participle (base form + -ing). There are some uses of the gerund. THE GERUND AFTER CERTAIN VERBS The gerund is commonly used after quite a few different verbs, such as: Admit, advise, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, can’t, help, stand, consider, defend, delay, deny, despise, discuss, dislike, don’t mind, enjoy, give up, go on, hate, imagine, involve, keep, like, love, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, recall, recommend, report, resent, resist risk, spend, suggest, tolerate. Examples: - I gave up smoking a year ago. - We can consider not coming back. ATTENTION: the negative gerund is NOT + -ING. THE GERUND AFTER PREPOSITIONS The gerund must be used when a verb comes after a preposition. Examples: - He apologized for not being on time. - I’m terrible at speaking languages.

THE GERUND AS THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE An activity may also be expressed with a gerund, which can function as the subject to the verb. Examples: - Smoking damages your health. - Walking by the sea relaxes me. The use of the gerund as subject is more common than that of the to-infinitive.

INFINITIVES VERB + TO INFINITIVE The to-infinitive is used in many sentences constructions, often expression the purpose of something or someone’s opinion about something. The infinitive is used following a large collection of different verbs as well. THE TO-INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN VERBS The verbs followed by a to-infinitive are: Afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, beg, choose, claim, decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail, happen, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, swear, tend, threaten, vow, wait, want, wish, would like. Examples: - He agreed to come back again. - I hope to see you again. ATTENTION: the negative infinitive is NOT + TO INFINITIVE.

THE TO-INFINITIVE AFTER ADJECTIVES There is a common pattern using the to-infinitive with an adjective. These phrases are formed: Subject + to be + adjective + (for/of someone) + to-infinitive + (rest of sentence) Examples: - This book is difficult to read. - How nice to see you again!

THE TO-INFINITIVE WITH QUESTION WORDS The verb ask, decide, explain, forget, know, show, tell, understand, … can be followed by a question word such as where, how, what, when, … + the toinfinitive. Examples: - I don’t know where to go. - She asked me how to use the washing machine. THE TO-INFINITIVE TO EXPRESS A PURPOSE OR REASON In this case to-infinitive has the same meaning as in order to or so as to. Examples: - He joined the gym to do exercise. - She went abroad not to see him again.

VERB + INFINITIVE The verbs followed by infinitive are: Make, let, can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would. Examples: - I can play the piano. - He might come tomorrow.

VERB + TO-INFINITIVE/GERUND 1. The verbs followed by to-infinitive or gerund with no change in meaning are: Begin, continue, neglect, prefer, propose, start. Examples: - Don’t start telling all those stories. - Don’t start to tell all those stories. 2. The verbs followed by to-infinitive or gerund with change in meaning are: Forget, regret, remember, stop, try. Examples: - I will try to take those pills (I will see if it is possible to take those pills. I have got stomach problems!). - I will try taking those pills (I will take those pills to see if it will help me with the situation).

3. Talk about the differences in meaning when using infinitive or gerunds with the verbs FORGET, REMEMBER, REGRET, STOP, TRY. Some verbs take gerund or infinitive forms with a difference in meaning, such as: 1. Stop to do: pause and then do something. Stop doing: not continue. Examples: - I stopped to watch the sunset. - I stopped watching TV. 2. Forget to do: not remember. Forget doing: you didn’t do something now you remember it. Examples: - Don’t forget to medicine for your motion sickness. - He will never forget getting sick on the plane. 3. Regret to do: feel sorry to give bad news. Regret doing: fell sorry for what you did in the past. Examples: - We regret to tell you that your job has been eliminated. - I regret telling you the truth. 4. Try to do: make an effort to do something. Try doing: do something to see if it has an effect, try something new. Examples: - They tried to move to Canada. - They tried moving to Canada. 5. Remember to do: remember something and then do it. Remember doing: something happened in the past and now you remember it. Examples: - Sean remembered to bring his wallet to the store, - Sean remembered bringing his wallet to the store.

4. Write the verbs that can be followed by -ing and to + infinitive but with a change in meaning. Give some examples. Begin. Examples: -

She began singing. She began to sing.

Dread. Examples: -

She dreaded taking the test. He dreaded to think of the consequences of his actions.

Forget. Examples: -

She forgot reading the book when she was a kid. She forgot to pay the rent this month.

Keep. Examples: -

She kept talking. The attackers kept hostages to prevent the police from entering,

Need. Examples: -

The house needs cleaning. He needs to call his boss.

Regret. Examples: -

I regretted being late to the interview. We regret to inform you that your position at the company is being eliminated.

Remember. Examples: - I remember mentioning the meeting yesterday. - He remembered to turn off the light before he left. Start: Examples: -

Marge started talking really fast. Marge started to talk really fast.

Stop: Examples: -

He stopped smoking for health reasons. He stopped to rest for a few minutes.

Try: Examples:

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She can’t find a job. She tried looking in the paper but was nothing. - She tried to climb the tree, but she couldn’t even get off the ground. 5. Write down the verbs that require a verb in gerund -ing. Common verbs followed by -ing noun are: VERBS OF LIKING AND DISLIKING: detest. Dislike, enjot, hate, fancy, like, love. Examples: - I love swimming, but I hate jogging. - They always enjoyed visiting their friends. PRHASES WITH MIND: wouldn’t mind (= would like), don’t mind (= I am willing to), would you mind (= will you please…?) Examples: - I wouldn’t mind having some fish and chips. - I don’t’ mind waiting for a few minutes. VERBS OF SAYING AND THINKING: admit, consider, deny, imagine, remember, suggest. Examples: - Our guide suggested waiting until the storm was over. - Everyone denied seeing the accident. OTHER COMMON VERBS ARE: avoid, begin, finish, keep, miss, practice, risk, start, stop. Examples: - I haven’t finished writing this letter. - Let’s practice speaking English.

6. Which verbs have the pattern Noun + Verb + Noun + to + infinitive? Some verbs are followed by a noun and the to-infinitive. Common verbs with this pattern are: VERBS OF SAYING  advise, ask, encourage, invite, order, persuade, remind, tell, warn ATTENTION: The verb warn is normally used with not. VERBS OF WANTING OR LIKING  expect, intend, would, prefer, want, would like. OTHER VERBS WITH THIS PATTERN ARE  allow, enable, force, get, teach.

Examples: - She asked him to send her a text message. - He wanted all his friends to come to his party. 7. Summarise what it is said on the video on the verbs stop, remember, forget + -ing and to + infinitive. Some verbs are followed by gerunds. Some verbs are followed by infinitives. Some verbs are followed by both gerunds and infinitives with no change in meaning. Some verbs are followed by both gerunds and infinitives with a change in meaning. 1. STOP + GERUND: The boy stopped smoking  he was smoking, and he stopped. STOP + INFINITIVE: The boy stopped to smoke  he was maybe walking down the street, he stopped walking and he started to smoke (with the intention of). 2. REMEMBER + GERUND: I remember playing soccer when I was a child. Those were the days! (to remember a memory). REMEMBER + INFINITIVE: He remembered to feed the dog (an important task). 3. FORGET + GERUND: I will never forget seeing her for the first time it was love at first sight! (to forget the memory of something). FORGET + INFINITIVE: Oh no! I forgot to buy my wife an anniversary present (forget to do an important task)....