Global Awareness Notes PDF

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notes on all lectures for entire semester including both study guides filled out within the notes which basically is the exam for professor Paul O'Keefe....

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1/24/19 notes ❖ Globalization ➢ Thomas Friedman ■ Believes in three eras of globalization ■ Each era shrinks the world ■ First it was done by countries, then corporations and now done by individuals ➢ Theresa May ■ British PM ➢ Trump ■ Says people of pittsburg betrayed by factories being made in Mexico and overseas ❖ If we don’t attempt to see the global in our lives, the world will be affected. Can be seen as a derogatory term in today’s view. 1/29/19 notes ❖ Gov’ts are trying to operate on global level ❖ Countries come together to regulate and 1/31/19 notes ❖ History- Chapter 2 ➢ Chapter focus: unexpected rise of Europe ■ Why did it emerge post black-death? ■ Eventually come to dominate the world ■ Closure of silk road/ rise of Iberian states ➢ Wasn’t one special thing about europe, it was a combination of things that led to its rise ➢ Colonialism, capitalism, and the industrial revolution

1. Course Introduction and History Lecture 1: The date of the midterm exam, and the date of the final March 12, Tuesday The name of the mandatory textbook for the class Lecture 2 (Ch. 1 in book, plus slides): The definitions of global and international studies International draws attention to, and prioritizes the actions of nation states Global draws attention to the corporations, political organizations, and cultural production and consumption that occur on scales beyond the national. International studies: what unites all of these programs is that they try to interpret major global trends in a manner that is multidisciplinary; that is, they draw on faculty and ways of looking at the world that come from many different areas. A scholar in international studies might utilize the writing of political philosophers to describe the global economy or consider how films reflect new trends in cultural globalization. This cross-pollination among multiple disciplines is central to the field. International studies programs also share certain common characteristics, such as an emphasis on language competence and various dimensions of globalization. The related term “global  studies” is preferred by some scholars because it removes the focus on the nation-state and places it instead on the transnational processes and issues that are key in an era defined by globalization. Global studies programs also often stress the importance of race, class, and gender in international affairs, as well as the importance of social responsibility. Both international studies and global studies programs share a commitment to interdisciplinary work, a focus on globalization and change, and an emphasis on how global trends impact humanity. Both international and global studies share a concern with global citizenship. The processes of globalization and regionalization, and how they relate At the broadest level, globalization refers to the rise of sociopolitical and economic networks that dominate local and regional interactions. Globalization: Increasing integration of economies, culture, environmental governance on a global scale Regionalization: Both the emergence of new regions and the process by which existing regions retain (or emphasize!) their unique features.These may be economic, cultural or environmental. These processes are happening simultaneously and shape the contemporary a future world. The importance of colonialism, capitalism and the industrial revolution: how they relate and how they shaped history Colonialism: Wrought huge changes in relative power and relationships between people living in different regions Emanated from Europe Two broad periods of major transformation: 1400s to late 1800s/ late 1800s to mid-20th century Globalization is inextricably bound to the spread of Capitalism: • Profit motive is central to capitalism • Free trade • Those who have capital have power over those who require it to survive • Requirement to work in order to reproduce individuals and families • It seems natural nowadays, but it had to be created

• Sometimes complementary with colonialism, sometimes contradictory The Industrial Revolution: • Led by Britain, associated with the growth of capitalism • Very rapid increases in productivity, shrinking of distance • Increased productivity and desire for new markets accelerated spread of capit around the globe – Technology systems– Three waves • Britain • Northwestern Europe • The rest of Europe Golden Triangle – Europe’s industrial core

The difference between the 1st wave and 2nd wave of colonialism FIRST WAVE OF COLONIALISM (1714): Voyages of discovery, exploiting resources, establishing trade links, claiming land, developing agriculture producing commodities for Europe Slave labor hugely important for growth of sugar and cotton production in particular Triangular trade developed between Europe,Africa and the Americas SECOND WAVE OF COLONIALISM (evident by 1914): Exercise of state power over increasingly large territories Driven by European Powers: Great Britain, France, Germany By beginning of 20th century most land on the globe under control of one large country or empire Associated with the spread of capitalism and capitalist relations of production The diffusion of the industrial revolution from England into Europe and beyond. The time periods this was happening in – Technology systems– Three waves (1750-1850 and 1850-1914) • Britain • Northwestern Europe • The rest of Europe Golden Triangle: Europe’s industrial core The countries that benefited most in financial terms from colonialism (see map Lecture 2) Britain, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Spain, Portugal 2. Globalization Lecture 3/4 (Ch. 2 in book, plus slides): History Who first defined the idea of a global citizen? What does it mean? How did Kant understand it? How does Theresa May understand it? Socrates:“I am a citizen, not of Athens or Greece, but of the world” At the core  of this idea of world citizenship was the idea that individuals have a duty to other people outside of their state because of their shared humanity. and the ideal of cosmopolitanism, the belief that we need to view affairs from our perspective as global citizens World citizenship: Shared humanity, basis for world peace (Kant) Friedman/May contemporary views Thomas Friedman Believes in three eras of globalization

Each era shrinks the world First it was done by countries, then corporations and now done by individuals Theresa May: “If you believe you’re a citizen of the world, you’re a citizen of nowhere”

What reasons are given for the rise of Europe Chapter focus: unexpected rise of Europe Why did it emerge post-Black Death Eventually come to dominate the world Closure of Silk Road/rise of Iberian states Gunpowder enabled a massive increase in military power Simultaneously, Europeans ‘discovered’ America Spain expand in Americas Portuguese expand into coastal Africa and Brazil Islamic world ceases to be key link between East and West Europe rose to control global trade Based primarily on slavery Modern ideas of race begin to be developed The ‘Columbian Exchange’ What are some of the legacies of the growth and decay of European empires? Unequal ownership and wealth Between and within countries Understand nationalism and the rise of the nation state. Which treaty formalized many contemporary state boundaries? What were the main aspects of the treaty Nationalism: Balance of power in Europe Associated with colonial carve-up of the world Rise of the nation state has a specific history Treaty of Westphalia, 1648: Assertion of the right of nation states to control what happens within their borders Principle of non-interference in other states affairs Still important, but set against increasingly powerful global forces Led to imperialism as power of European nation-states expanded Nation state vs global still important Sudan/South Sudan/Darfur 20+ year civil war, over 2 million dead Darfur genocide emerges in this context - are global human rights and the rights of nation states compatible? Nationalism -> Imperialism Europe expands outwards Ends with WW1 Rise of the nation state has a specific history Treaty of Westphalia, 1648 Know examples of which European countries developed empires, and where. Imperialism: Spanish in Americas Dutch in East Indies British everywhere Also, French, German, Belgian, Italian, Spain, Russia, Japan

Lecture 5: Economic Globalization (Ch. 3 in book, plus slides) The two broad themes of globalization research Globalization has myriad definitions, however... Two broad themes occur in many of thousands of studies into globalization: 1) The rise to economic dominance (on a global scale) of certain countries and corporations. Domination of rich countries over poor countries. GLOBAL INEQUALITY 2) The many benefits, which outweigh any negatives, that occur from increased connectivity and information exchange GLOBAL CONNECTEDNESS Understanding globalization means understanding the patterns of these related issues of GLOBAL INEQUALITY and GLOBAL CONNECTEDNESS How do they vary across space? (I am a geographer, this is what we do!) How do they vary across time? (think of the changes described in Chapter 2 - History) How do these changes transform landscapes? What do the authors mean by space-time compression What do the authors mean by ‘compression of space and time’? How have things got faster in your own life? How has the world moved closer to you? Is more speed always a good thing - is there an argument to be made for taking things slower? When did the Bretton Woods meeting occur, who was involved, and what institutions emerged from it 1944 - Bretton Woods meeting Need for a new global political entity Also need for forms of global economic entities World Bank and IMF formed Dollar established as global reserve currency Gold standard established Key players at Bretton Woods: Harry Dexter (USA) John Maynard Keynes (UK) A global currency, or one backed by the most powerful country US won debate, pegging gold to price of $, controlling 70% of world’s gold Two key questions to be answered: How to rebuild Europe following WW2? This is where World Bank and IMF come in as lenders How to break down trade barriers? This is where GATT comes in, eventually becoming the WTO Changing role of both institutions: State led modernization/industrialization Basic Needs approaches Neoliberalism Development becomes a process synonymous with economic growth What are the different roles of the IMF, the World Bank and the GATT/WTO Focus turned to developing countries: WB provides cheap loans, especially for state-led ‘mega-projects’ Loans were often conditional: Privatization, deregulation, and implementation of austerity measures the three key dimensions

Conditionality: “the conditions that international lenders imposed in return for their assistance” - in order to “restore or maintain balance of payments viability and macroeconomic stability...while setting the stage for growth” Privatization: Of state owned assets Electricity in El Salvador - less access, worse quality Jute in Bangladesh - “disastrous” Protests against “Globalization first emerge late 1990s” Deregulation: Of state owned assets Austerity: Southern Europe - Esp. Greece - loans conditional on slashing public spending UK - Massive reduction in public sector employment, and welfare to disabled people The IMF: Originally created to stabilize exchange rates (pegged to dollar) Gold standard abandoned in 1971 IMF makes loans to countries, and focuses on macroeconomics: “a country’s budget deficit, its monetary policy, its inflation, its trade deficit and its borrowing from abroad” increasingly became associated with driving microeconomic as well as macroeconomic policy It achieved this through the use of Structural adjustment The broad range of SA policies became known as the Washington Consensus WTO - replaced GATT in 1995 Purpose to reduce tariffs and trade barriers Promote a very specific version of globalization - underpinned by free market economics

Examples from the textbook of “globalization gone bad” re privatization Privatization: Of state owned assets Electricity in El Salvador - less access, worse quality Jute in Bangladesh - “disastrous” Protests against “Globalization first emerge late 1990s” The key aspects of the Washington Consensus (not the augmented Washington Consensus)

Criticisms of these international institutions, from both the left and right Singer: Left and right criticize these institutions - for lack of workers/environmental rights, for lack of state sovereignty

Understand what the authors mean by ‘glocalization’ Thomas Friedman (2007, 422) looks at the ability of particular nations “to absorb foreign ideas and global best practices.” He terms this “glocalization” and suggests that certain kinds of societies have more flexibility than others to absorb outside ideas without sacrificing the integrity of their cultures. Another way to examine this notion of glocalization is to imagine a horizontal continuum with local at one end and global at the other end. At the center of the continuum, we have glocalization. The strength of localization is its integrity in terms of context. Local customs, beliefs, and values have provided the scaffolding for the strength of societies. The strength of globalization is its flexibility to draw upon multiple modes of thinking to solve problems. The combination is a powerful tool with which to enter the twenty-first century. At the local level, we have the nation-state; at the global level, we have international organizations—fiscal, social, and technological. Lecture 6: Political Globalization (Ch. 4 in book, plus slides) Who led the creation of the League of Nations? What were it’s (fatal) flaws? Be aware of any successes it did have The League of Nations Founded in the aftermath of WW1 Based on the idealism of Woodrow Wilson, and a desire to avoid future war Wilson died in 1919 as Treaty of Versailles was being decided...USA never joined However the first body to attempt to enforce international norms and rules The League of Nations failed to... ...stop Japan invading Manchuria (1931) ...stop Italy invading Abyssinia (1935) ...stop the rise of fascism ...stop rearmament of Europe Another challenge was that Germany was not permitted to join until 1926 Still, during the 1920s, the League  of Nations appeared to be effective, but faced with the rising power of fascism and without U.S. participation, the league failed to confront German rearmament. The league’s charter contained flaws, which perhaps gave small states too much power and failed to oblige members to act How did the structure of the UN differ from the League of Nations The United Nations emerges at the end of WW2 ...dual structure: security council and general assembly ...dual structure of security council: permanent and non- permanent ...inequality of nations built in to UN structure it is not true that the UN was “born out of a gentle, idealistic vision of a global body, a sort of immaculate conception. In fact, the U.N. Charter was a meticulously crafted, power-oriented document carefully molded by hard-nosed drafters to conform to the global realities of 1945.” Who has power in the dual structure of the UN ...dual structure: security council and general assembly It divided the UN into two bodies. The fifteen-member Security Council addressed critical issues and had five permanent members: China, France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States, which were the Great Powers of the time. In contrast, most nations were confined to the General Assembly, which could make recommendations to the Security Council, write reports, and approve the budget but did not address key issues of peace and security or send troops into an active war zone. Know some of the failures the UN is associated with

The United Nations: failures Rwanda Kosovo Corruption in Iraq (oil for Food) UN impotence: Iraq war 2003 - what is the role of the veto, and who can use it?

Know some of the successes the UN is associated with The United Nations: successes bringing warring factions together (Suez crisis) helping end apartheid Supporting East Timor and Kosovo peacekeeping WHO - eradication of smallpox and polio What is the relationship between the UN and member nation-states The nation state and the United Nations Has the UN undermined the nation state? How does this compare to other global institutions? How does this compare to other contemporary processes of political globalization Know what the ICJ and the ICC are, and how they differ. What type of disputes/subject matter do they deal with? The International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the International Criminal Court (ICC) Part of the UN’s role is to mediate international disputes Especially important for resolving boundary disputes How can global governance proceed? During Cold War era, superpowers wary of the ICJ US refused to recognize condemnation (laying mines in Nicaraguan waters) Soviet Union feared it was tilted in favor of democracies Acceptance of court has been conditional by superpowers \ Influence declining ICC formally set up in 2002 Tries individuals in criminal court, rather than the civil ICJ dealing with countries Seven countries voted against the setting up of it… ...China, Israel, Iraq, Libya, Qatar, and the US ICC has come under accusations of bias... but has reinforced the idea of universal human rights

Which countries abstained from signing the UN Declaration of Human Rights

No country opposed it, USSR/Saudi Arabia/South Africa abstained

How have Human Rights evolved as a doctrine from the Atlantic slave trade to the present? Human Rights as doctrine ...Where do rights come from: belonging in a certain group, religion, country? Shift from religious to reason basis. First human rights campaign - anti-slavery From abolition of Atlantic Slave Trade (early 1800s) to abolition in Cuba (1886) and Brazil (1888) Horrific events of 20thC led to UN Declaration of Human Rights being signed in 1946 Which parts of the world have benefitted from ‘democratization’? What is the relationship between democratization and globalization? Democratization Collapse of Soviet Union accelerated trend towards democracy in both East and West However, not a universal process Difference between imposing democracy and ‘bottom-up’ demands for it World’s dominant trend in political affairs, but heavily dependent on the means by which it is achieved Global relationships and alliances How do powerful governments support large corporations? Historically: Guatemala, 1954 (United Fruit). Iran, 1953 (Anglo- Iranian oil) Recent history - Nigeria - oil industry - who is supported - who suffers - Ken Saro-Wiwa Summary: Nation states remain most powerful actors on global stage, but they are increasingly willing to sacrifice some sovereignty to engage in international governance Increasingly can’t ignore human rights and other issues without paying a political or economic price Does political globalization drive economic globalization, or vice versa? Know the 5 countries that have a claim to Arctic territorial waters US, Russian Federation, Denmark, Norway, Canada Lecture 7: Cultural Globalization (Ch. 5 in book, plus slides) How was culture defined in class A shared set of meanings that are lived out: Values, beliefs, practices, and ideas Not something innate, but produced and reproduced The concept of the kaleidoscope in the text Kaleidoscope metaphor - how we all experience things differently Imagine a kaleidoscope in which a slight turn of the lens changes the entire picture seen. As you will see from the descriptions that follow each of these “scapes,” a number of forces are shaping how we engage with each other in ways that are more complicated than ever before. The parts of the world where the ‘top 10 host countries’ for refugees are found Africa, ME, Asia The top 3 source countries of refugees

Afghanistan, Syrian Arab Republic, Somalia What part of the international community and/or nation states is obliged to care for refugees? Difference in legal standing, as well as other important distinctions: • Right of non-refoulement ● Obligation of international community to act ● In law, a refugee,“owing to well-foun...