Greek World 500-440BC PDF

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Ancient History 2020

Ms Roscoe

Historical Periods The Greek World 500–440 BC

Student Handbook

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Option F: The Greek World 500–440 BC Content Focus Through an investigation of the archaeological and written sources for the Greek world 500–440 BC, students examine the nature of power and authority, significant developments that shaped the historical period and relevant historiographical issues. The Historical concepts and skills content is to be integrated as appropriate. Content

Survey •

the chronological and geographical context of ancient Greece in the Mediterranean and the Near East, key powers in the region and the nature of contact with other societies

Focus of Study •

Persian Wars, including: -

origins: Persian imperialism, Ionian Revolt

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invasion of 490 BC: Battle of Marathon, role of Miltiades

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inter-war period: preparation and developments in Persia and Greece

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invasion of 480–479 BC: Battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium, Salamis, Plataea and Mycale

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role and contribution of Themistocles, Leonidas, Pausanias, Eurybiades

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reasons for Greek victory and Persian defeat

Development of Athens and the Athenian Empire -

Delian League: origins, aims, organisation and activities to the Battle of the Eurymedon

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role and contribution of Cimon and Aristides the Just

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transformation of the Delian League into the Athenian Empire

River,

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nature of Athenian imperialism, changing relations with allies

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key democratic developments: influence of the thetes, ostracism, citizenship law

Athens and Sparta, including: -

impact of Persian Wars

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nature, composition and activities of the Peloponnesian League: Spartan responses to Athenian imperialism 2

If you would like to get more than a band 4 in your exam you will need to have a look at using sources in your arguments. To do this, the following pages are to be used to place evidence (sources) into for your exams. My suggestion that you have at least ONE primary and ONE secondary source for each dot point below! You can also use your online textbook!

Primary

Secondary

the chronological and geographical context of ancient Greece in the Mediterranean and the Near East, key powers in the region and the nature of contact with other societies

origins: Persian imperialism, Ionian Revolt

invasion of 490 BC: Battle of Marathon, role of Miltiades

3

inter-war period: preparation and developments in Persia and Greece

invasion of 480– 479 BC: Battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium, Salamis, Plataea and Mycale

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role and contribution of Themistocles, Leonidas, Pausanias, Eurybiades

reasons for Greek victory and Persian defeat

Delian League: origins, aims, organisation and activities to the Battle of the Eurymedon River,

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role and contribution of Cimon and Aristides the Just

transformation of the Delian League into the Athenian Empire

nature of Athenian imperialism, changing relations with allies

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key democratic developments: influence of the thetes, ostracism, citizenship law

impact of Persian Wars

nature, composition and activities of the Peloponnesian League: Spartan responses to Athenian imperialism

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Important Historians: Herodotus (c.484–425 BC) was a Greek historian who lived in the 5thcentury BC. He was the first historian known to treat history as a method of investigation, by collecting his materials systematically and critically, and then arranging them into a narrative. The Histories is the only work he is known to have produced. It is a record of the origins of the GrecoPersian Wars. He is the primary, and often the only, source for events in the Greek world and the Persian Empire in the two centuries leading up to his own day. Thucydides (c. 460 – c. 400 BC) was a Greek historian, political philosopher and general who lived in the 5th century BC. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the 5thcentury war between Sparta and Athens (431 to 404 BC). He began writing it at the outset of the war, but his account ends in 411, suggesting he died before it could be completed. Thucydides also provides a brief account of the Persian Wars. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of ‘scientific history’ because of his strict standards of evidence-gathering and his analysis of cause and effect without reference to intervention by the gods. His work is regarded as far more reliable than that of Herodotus. Diodorus Siculus (or Diodorus of Sicily) was a Greek historian who lived in the 1st century BC. He is known for writing the Bibliotheca Historica, a history of the world to 60 BC. Much of this work survives, including the section on the Persian Wars. Diodorus used the works of earlier historians to compile his own history. The main historian he used for the Persian Wars and their aftermath was Ephorus, whose books have not survived. (Ephorus lived at the time of Alexander the Great – the middle of the 4th century BC). Plutarch (c. AD 46 – 120) was a Greek Historian who lived at the height of the Roman Empire. He is best known for his political biographies, called Parallel Lives. The nine Greek biographies form The Rise and Fall of Athens. While some of these have not survived, those of Themistocles and Aristides have. Plutarch is also an important source on the history of Sparta, although his work is not entirely reliable. Aeschylus (c. 525/524 – c. 456/455 BC) was an ancient Greek playwright, who fought at the Battle of Salamis.The earliest of his plays to survive is The Persians, performed in 472 BC and based on experiences in Aeschylus's own life, particularly the Battle of Salamis. The Persian King Xerxes appears as a major character in the play. Simonides of Ceos (c. 556 – 468 BC) was a Greek poet who lived at the time of the Persian Wars. He wrote poems about the Battles of Marathon, Artemisium, Salamis and Plataea. Only bits of his poetry survive, but his work was used by later historians to write about the period. Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and scientist who wrote The Constitution of Athens. There is some suggestion that the book was actually written by his students, but it still contains useful information about the Athenian political system. There are also Persian sources, but these mostly date from the Muslim period, 1,000 years after the wars with Greece. These sources are also biased, as the Muslim authors were antagonistic towards the ancient Persian religion (Zoroastrianism). 8

Survey The chronological and geographical context of ancient Greece in the Mediterranean and the Near East, key powers in the region and the nature of contact with other societies Activity One: Look through the following list and as a task before starting the unit you will need to define each term in a glossary at the start of your unit. Classical Age

Herodotus

Persian Wars

Darius

Sardis

Aegean Sea

Satrapy

Hellespont

Ostracism/Ostraca

Ionia/Ionians

Themistocles

Persepolis

Triremes

Xerxes

Ionian League

Activity Two: Head to the following page “Ancient History Encyclopaedia” and type in Persian Wars timeline. Copy in the dates from 490BC through to 440BC Greece in the lead up to the Persian Wars At the beginning of the 5th century, most of Greece was made up of city states. A city state was a large city controlling the countryside and towns around it. The reason for this is that Greece is very mountainous, so it was difficult to achieve any unity between the regions. The mountains also made defence much easier. Athens -

Athens was the largest of the city states. It controlled the region called Attica.

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Because of its proximity to the sea, Athens became the major naval power in Greece.

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In 493 BC Themistocles persuaded the Athenians to move their fleet from Phaleron to

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Athens was also transforming itself into the world’s first democracy. In 508/7 BC,

Piraeus, where there were three naturally defended harbours.

Cleisthenes introduced economic and political reforms that began this transformation. Had the Ekklesia (Assembly), Boule (Council of 500), Archons (in charge of daily running of the city), Areopagous (ex archons), strategio (generals) and Dikasteria (the courts). Sparta

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Unlike the other Greek states, Sparta did not have a large capital city. It was an agrarian society, with all land being owned by the state and worked by state-owned slaves.

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The Spartan political system was a mixture of monarchy, oligarchy and democracy. Persia in the lead up to the Persian Wars

The Persian Empire (known at the time as the Achaemanid Empire) was founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC, and was the largest empire of the ancient world. It controlled everything between Macedonia and Egypt in the west to the Indus River (in modern-day Pakistan). The population of the empire at the time of the Persian Wars is estimated to have been 50 million – at least ten times that of Greece. -

At the heart of the Persian army were the 10,000 Immortals – heavily armed infantry. They were

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Up until the end of the 6th century, the Persians had almost no navy. However, as they

supported by lightly armed units from all over the Empire, as well as cavalry.

conquered the Greek city states of Asia Minor, they began construction of a significant naval force. Most of their naval personnel were Greek, Phoenician or Egyptian. -

Persia was an absolute monarchy, with all power resting in the hands of Great King. He ruled the empire via local administrators known as satraps. These satraps had a significant amount of autonomy, but had to provide tax revenue to the Great King, and troops when required. Royal inspectors toured the Empire to ensure that the satraps carried out their duties properly.

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The Persians built a 2,500 kilometre highway across their empire and used a single language for communication. They also established a postal system. These developments, plus their willingness to coop local people to administer cities and regions, enabled them to control a vast empire.

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The Persians had one of the first religions based around one all-powerful god, but were tolerant of other religions and cultures. (Their religion, Zoroastrianism, was not monotheistic, but had one dominant god, Ahuramazda, who gradually supplanted the other deities.)

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They were also one of the first civilisations to abolish slavery.

Activity Three: Head to the following page and place in the details about the Persian and Greek cities. On the second map (the close up of Greece) you will need to place in the details of the following places of battles. -

Sardis Thermopylae Salamis Artemisium Plataea Mycale 10

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Marathon

You will need to look up several maps – don’t just choose on you think will be good. Try to find many and compare.

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Focus of Study The Persian Wars: - origins: Persian imperialism, Ionian Revolt Activity Four: Read through the following articles and write down what you see about the nature of Persian Empire during this time frame. The Persian War Reassessed – This article was written by a Historian by the name of Jack Martin Balcer who taught all over America but most recently, before his death, in Ohio. With King Darius' invasion of European Thrace and the northern Scythian regions in 513 B.C., an Achaemenid imperial policy of expansion toward Greece had begun. With the southern Thracian regions administratively tied to the major satrapal center at Sardis in western Asia Minor, Macedonia to the west first allied with Persia as an autonomous kingdom with privileged vassalage status. Then, with Mardonios' invasion of Thrace in 492 B.C., Macedonia became a fully subordinate region of the Persian Empire. It had not been the reckless Athenian attack upon Sardis in 498 B.C., that spurred the Persians into Greece, but rather the new imperial policies of the Great King after 520 B.C., to expand into Egypt and Nubia, into western India, and into European Thrace, Macedonia, then Greece and ultimately Athens. But unlike Egypt, Nubia, and India, Thrace and Greece lay across the formidable Hellespont, as Aeschylus reminds us History Encyclopaedia - Cristian, R. (2017, April 10). Darius I. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Darius_I/ Darius' rule was marked by vast military expeditions. After consolidating his power at home, he set off to secure the lands of Egypt, which had been conquered before by Cambyses, and in 519 BCE he incorporated a large part of Egypt into his empire. The following year, in 518 BCE, he conquered parts of India, namely northern Punjab as his inscriptions testify. Herodotus adds that India was the 20th satrapy of the empire and also that parts of the Indus valley also fell victim to Persian warfare. 13

The next significant campaign was in European Scythia in 513 BCE. Historians have proposed several theories in an attempt to clarify the objective of this campaign. They range from simple military conquest to a more propagandistic motive, revenge for a previous conflict during the reign of Cyrus where the Scythians had attacked Medes. Another possible reason is that Darius wanted to conquer the western Greek lands and the Scythian campaign was supposed to threaten the Greeks into surrender. However, Darius faced unforeseen difficulties. The Scythians evaded the Persian army, using feints and retreating eastwards, all the while laying waste to the countryside. The king's army chased the enemy deep into Scythian lands, where he sent word to their ruler, urging Idanthyrsus to fight or surrender. As Idanthyrsus refused to do either, the chase resumed. In the end, the campaign halted after a few weeks when sickness and deprivation had taken its toll on the Persian army. The march halted around the banks of the Volga river and then headed towards Thrace, where Darius ordered his general Megabyzus to subjugate the region. Besides bringing Thrace under Persian influence, Megabyzus also conquered the neighbouring Greek cities. He sent envoys to Macedonia where Amyntas, the king of Macedonia, became a vassal of the empire. Meanwhile, Darius solidified his hold in Ionia and the Aegean Islands through appointments of Greek natives as city rulers or tyrants. LibreTexts Libraries – Created under the US Davis Office of Provost, the US Davis Library and California State Library. The Medes were allies of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, and in 612 BCE they took part in the huge rebellion that resulted in the downfall of the Assyrian Empire. For just over fifty years, the Medes continued to dominate the Iranian plateau. Then, in 550 BCE a Persian leader, Cyrus, led the Persians against the Medes and conquered them (practically speaking, there was little distinction between the two groups since they were so closely-related and similar; the Greeks regularly confused the two when writing about them). He assimilated the Medes into his own military force and then embarked on an incredible campaign of conquest that lasted twenty years, forging Persia into a gigantic empire. Cyrus began his conquests by invading Anatolia in 546 BCE, conquering the kingdom of Lydia in the process. His principal further west were the Greek colonies of Ionia, along the coast of the Aegean Sea. Cyrus swiftly defeated the Greek poleis, but instead of punishing the Greeks for opposing him he allowed them to keep their language, religion, and culture, simply insisting they give him loyal warriors and pay taxes. He found Greek leaders willing to work with the Persians and he appointed them as governors of the colonies. Thus, even though they had been beaten, most of the Greeks in the colonies did not experience Persian rule as particularly oppressive. Cyrus next turned south and conquered the city-states and kingdoms of Mesopotamia, culminating with his conquest of Babylon in 539 BCE. This conquest was surprisingly peaceful; Babylon was torn between the priests of Marduk (the patron deity of the city) and the king, who was trying to favor the worship of a different goddess. After he defeated the forces of the king in one battle, Cyrus was welcomed as a liberator by the Babylonians and he made a point of venerating Marduk to help ensure their ongoing loyalty. Much of what historians know about Persia is gleaned from the propaganda Persian kings left behind. The conquest of Babylon produced an outstanding example - the “Cyrus Cylinder,” a 14

pillar covered in a proclamation that Cyrus commissioned after the conquest of Babylon. Part of the inscription reads: “I am Cyrus, king of the world, great king, mighty king, king of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, king of the four quarters, the son of Cambyses, great king, king of Anšan, grandson of Cyrus, great king, king of Anšan, descendant of Teispes, great king, king of Anšan, of an eternal line of kingship, whose rule Bêl and Nabu love, whose kingship they desire for their hearts' pleasure. When I entered Babylon in a peaceful manner, I took up my lordly abode in the royal palace amidst rejoicing and happiness. Marduk, the great lord, established as his fate for me a magnanimous heart of one who loves Babylon, and I daily attended to his worship.” Cyrus continued the practice of finding loyal leaders and treating his conquered enemies fairly, which kept uprisings against him to a minimum. He then pushed into Central Asia, in present-day Afghanistan, conquering all of what constituted the “known world” in that region. To the northeast were the steppes, home of a steppe nomad people called the Scythians, whom the Persians would go on to fight for centuries (Cyrus himself died in battle against the Scythians in 530 BCE - he was 70 years old at the time). Cyrus was followed by his son Cambyses II. Cambyses led the Persian armies west, conquering both the rich Phoenician cities of the eastern Mediterranean coast and Egypt. He was installed as pharaoh in Egypt, again demonstrating Persian respect for local traditions. Thus, in less than thirty years, Persia had gone from an obscure kingdom in the middle of the Iranian plateau to the largest land empire in the entire world, bigger even than China (under the Eastern Zhou dynasty) at the time. Cambyses died not long after, in 522 BCE, under somewhat mysterious circumstances – he supposedly fell on his sword while getting off of his horse. In 522, following Cambyses’ death, Darius I became king (r. 521 – 486 BCE). Darius came to power after leading a conspiracy that assassinated Cambyses’ younger brother Bardiya, who had briefly ruled. By the time Darius seized the throne, the Persian Empire was already too large to rule effectively; it was bigger than any empire in the world to date but there was no infrastructure or government sufficient to rule it consistently. Darius worked to change that. He expanded the empire further and, more importantly, consolidated royal power. He improved infrastructure, established a postal service, and standardized weights, measures, and coinage. He set up a uniform bureaucracy and system of rule over the entire empire to standardize taxation and make it clear what was expected of the subject areas. Darius inherited the c...